Seyed Saeed Madani

Precisely gauging the state of charge (SOC) of a lithium-ion battery poses a considerable obstacle due to the battery's intricate electrochemical properties, which are highly dynamic and nonlinear. The effectiveness of the control strategy employed in electric vehicles heavily hinges on the precise estimation of the battery's SOC. Among the crucial elements, the accurate assessment of SOC for power lithium-ion batteries stands out. Ensuring the durability and reliability of battery management systems in electric vehicles to predict SOC is a multifaceted endeavor. Given the inherently nonlinear degradation pattern of batteries, achieving precise forecasting of SOC while minimizing degradation proves to be a demanding task. The accurate determination of battery SOC holds significant significance for both battery electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries have gained extensive usage in various facets of daily life due to their positive environmental and resource-related attributes. The precise determination of SOC is pivotal in ensuring proper battery operation. Nonetheless, the challenges of SOC estimation under low temperatures have received limited attention. To tackle this issue, this study introduces an adaptive extended Kalman Filter for model-based fault diagnosis and SOC estimation of lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium-ion batteries degrade over time with usage, and it's improbable that the effects of aging-related deterioration can be entirely eradicated. The processes responsible for the aging of these batteries are intricate and varied, closely linked to a range of interacting factors such as battery types, chemical reactions, and operational circumstances. Elements like charge level, charging and discharging speed, cycles, and temperature have a direct impact on degradation, underscoring the significance of operational conditions and stressors. The challenge of battery aging presents a substantial area of research, influencing the energy and power capacity of batteries as time progresses. This piece presents a comprehensive examination of various methods for simulating battery aging and investigations carried out on this subject, with a specific emphasis on indicators employed to gauge the well-being of batteries. The objective of this review is to succinctly outline the outcomes of prediction techniques for the aging of lithium-ion batteries in diverse applications. Given the extensive array of studies focused on battery aging, a wealth of knowledge is available in this domain, and consequently, this article offers an overview of these varied approaches.

The growing demand for efficient energy storage solutions has sparked increased interest in precise battery voltage prediction. In this study the Long Short-Term Memory networks, are applied in the time series forecasting, to improve battery voltage prediction compared to conventional models. The developed forecasting system includes three main parts: Pre-processing, modeling, and evaluation. In the pre-processing, the voltage and current time series are normalized, and divided to the test and train subsets. Then the windows of consecutive samples are generated for both train and test subsets. The forecasting LSTM models are learnt from training data set, in the modeling phase. Finally, the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) is used as the evaluation criterion. This model is compared to two other neural network models. The study concludes that LSTM outperforms the other models, highlighted by a significantly lower MAE. With a comprehensive methodology and successful experimental framework, this paper demonstrates the efficacy of LSTM in predicting battery voltage, indicating its superiority over simple neural networks for time series forecasting.

Thermal characterization of lithium-ion batteries is essential to improve an efficient thermal management system for lithium-ion batteries. Besides, it is needed for safe and optimum application. The investigated lithium-ion battery in the present research is a commercially available lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery, which can be used in different applications. Different experimental facilities were used to measure lithium-ion battery heat generation at different operating conditions and charge and discharge rates in this investigation. Isothermal battery calorimeter is the exclusive calorimeter globally, suitable for lithium-ion batteries’ accurate thermal measurements. Pulse charge and discharge in different increments of state of charge were applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery to designate the heat generation of the lithium-ion battery cell. Three different cases were studied. The precise effects of different state-of-charge levels and current-rates on lithium-ion battery total generated heat was investigated. The maximum heat generation during 13 A, 40 A, 50 A, 60 A and 100 A pulse discharges were 0.231 Wh, 0.77 Wh, 0.507 Wh, 0.590 Wh and 1.13 Wh correspondingly. It could be inferred that in the case of periodic charge and discharge pulses applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based lithium-ion battery, important parameters including state of charge, current rates, initial cycling, and temperature have a significant influence on total generated heat.

Lithium-ion batteries are being implemented in different large-scale applications, including aerospace and electric vehicles. For these utilizations, it is essential to improve battery cells with a great life cycle because a battery substitute is costly. For their implementation in real applications, lithium-ion battery cells undergo extension during the course of discharging and charging. To avoid disconnection among battery pack ingredients and deformity during cycling, compacting force is exerted to battery packs in electric vehicles. This research used a mechanical design feature that can address these issues. This investigation exhibits a comprehensive description of the experimental setup that can be used for battery testing under pressure to consider lithium-ion batteries’ safety, which could be employed in electrified transportation. Besides, this investigation strives to demonstrate how exterior force affects a lithium-ion battery cell’s performance and behavior corresponding to static exterior force by monitoring the applied pressure at the dissimilar state of charge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used as the primary technique for this research. It was concluded that the profiles of the achieved spectrums from the experiments seem entirely dissimilar in comparison with the cases without external pressure. By employing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, it was noticed that the pure ohmic resistance, which is related to ion transport resistance of the separator, could substantially result in the corresponding resistance increase.

This investigation’s primary purpose was to illustrate the cooling mechanism within a lithium titanate oxide lithium-ion battery pack through the experimental measurement of heat generation inside lithium titanate oxide batteries. Dielectric water/glycol (50/50), air and dielectric mineral oil were selected for the lithium titanate oxide battery pack’s cooling purpose. Different flow configurations were considered to study their thermal effects. Within the lithium-ion battery cells in the lithium titanate oxide battery pack, a time-dependent amount of heat generation, which operated as a volumetric heat source, was employed. It was assumed that the lithium-ion batteries within the battery pack had identical initial temperature conditions in all of the simulations. The lithium-ion battery pack was simulated by ANSYS to determine the temperature gradient of the cooling system and lithium-ion batteries. Simulation outcomes demonstrated that the lithium-ion battery pack’s temperature distributions could be remarkably influenced by the flow arrangement and fluid coolant type.

A new heat transfer enhancement approach was proposed for the cooling system of lithium-ion batteries. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of the passive thermal management system for a battery pack was accomplished by employing ANSYS Fluent (Canonsburg, PA, USA). Phase change material was used for the thermal management of lithium-ion battery modules and as the heat transmission source to decrease battery temperature in fast charging and discharge conditions. Constant current charge and discharge were applied to lithium-ion battery modules. In the experimental part of the research, an isothermal battery calorimeter was used to determine the heat dissipation of lithium-ion batteries. Thermal performance was simulated for the presence of phase change material composites. Simulation outcomes demonstrate that phase change material cooling considerably decreases the lithium-ion battery temperature increase during fast charging and discharging conditions use. The greatest temperature at the end of 9 C, 7 C, 5 C, and 3 C charges and discharges were approximately 49.7, 44.6, 38.4, and 33.1 °C, respectively, demonstrating satisfactory performance in lithium-ion battery thermal homogeneity of the passive thermal management system.

This section studies the performance behavior of a lithium titanate oxide-based battery cell at different working conditions. Battery cell performance analysis was put into research appertaining to comprehensive experimental laboratory measurements. Different load profiles were applied to the lithium titanate oxide-based battery. To assess the performance of the lithium titanate oxide-based battery cell, extensive laboratory characterization experiments were accomplished.

A passive thermal management system for a lithium-ion battery by employing phase change material as the heat transfer source to manage lithium-ion battery temperature increase was developed. Lithium-ion battery temperature rise is caused by electrochemical reactions. If the lithium-ion battery temperature is not properly controlled, then it will cause a shortening of its lifespan, faster capacity reduction, or even in severe cases, might cause lithium-ion battery explosion. For commercial big-energy applications, a proper lithium-ion battery thermal management allows us to overcome problems related to heat production and improves significantly the performance of the lithium-ion battery. In this investigation behavior of a phase change material was analyzed. The phase change material was used as a medium for the thermal management of a lithium-ion battery cell. A three dimensional numerical model for the lithium-ion battery thermal management system according to phase change material was accomplished by using Ansys Fluent.

This investigation exhibits an experimental study on the heat flux quantification for a lithium-ion battery at different discharge and charge rates. An isothermal battery calorimeter was used for a lithium-ion battery thermal analysis. Experimental analyses of the thermal transmission of lithium-ion batteries are accomplished under different discharge and charge rates to produce more information about the heat generation of the lithium-ion battery. The objective of the existent investigation is to assess the generated heat inside a lithium-ion battery cell throughout several discharging and charging cycles. In this study, the temperature distribution is exhibited for a lithium-ion battery at dissimilar working conditions. It was concluded that the difference between the maximum temperatures measured at the lower part of the lithium-ion battery is comparatively small compared with the upper part of the lithium-ion battery surface and its central part.