Luca Caracciolo

The research workflow employed in the SOSGAS project is presented, aimed at the Quality Assessment as a reservoir of CO2 and green H2 in heterogeneous Mesozoic and Cenozoic fluvial and deltaic formations of the Iberian Plateau and the Ebro and Graus-Tremp Basins. Through the integrated study of outcrop and subsurface data (derived from boreholes drilled behind the outcrops), conceptual models are developed for each examined case, describing variations in sedimentary heterogeneities. These models contribute to the static modeling of different geobodies and their petrophysical properties. Finally, dynamic modeling, based on gas injection simulation experiments (CO2 and H2) into static models, enables the analysis of the sustainability of geo-storage projects for these key fluids in the energy transition.

This study investigates the upper Magdalena river basin (Colombia), which is characterized by tectonic activity, tropical climate, heterogeneous lithological assemblages, and anthropic influence. It aims to comprehend factors controlling sediment generation, flux, and composition by incorporating petrographic data from 27 recent fluvial samples along with geochemistry, geomorphological parameters, historical precipitation, land cover, landsliding and suspended sediment load data. The analysis shows mismatches between sand composition and drainage lithology distribution. A new set of endmember mixing models is presented, quantifying the impacts of erodibility, sand generation potential (related to lithology), and sediment connectivity between hillslopes and river outlets (related to geomorphology). Results show enhanced sediment generation from sedimentary rocks (up to 40%) due to high erodibility, and decreased sediment flux from low‐ to medium‐grade metamorphic rocks (up to 60%) due to controlling morphometric parameters. Overrepresentation of plutonic and high‐grade metamorphic rocks and underrepresentation of volcanic rocks (up to 100%) are controlled by mineralogical and textural parameters. Enhanced landsliding activity in areas with volcanic activity occasionally overshadows basin‐wide compositional trends driven by morphological and lithological characteristics, as it controls rare overrepresentation of volcanic and low‐grade metamorphic detritus in the sand fraction. Sediment retention by hydroelectric dams significantly decreases suspended sediment flux by 30%, while deforestation plays a minor role in sediment flux. This study underscores the importance of coupling sediment generation, geomorphology and the distribution of stochastic events related to seismic activity in any sediment production‐focused study and for developing numerical models in Quantitative Provenance Analysis (QPA).

The composition of 27 fluvial silt and clay sediments was used in this study to identify and quantify the processes in the upper valley of the Magdalena river in South Colombia. The combination of seismic activity, intense precipitation, and landsliding resulted in limited chemical weathering and a very efficient transfer of weathered products to the transfer zone of both tributary rivers and the main trunk. Inputs from plutonic, high‐grade metamorphic, volcanic, and low‐ to medium‐grade metamorphic lithologies vary in coarse silt‐sized versus fine silt‐ and clay‐sized sediments, reflecting inherited textural parameters and mineralogy. Plutonic and high‐grade metamorphic rocks mostly produce sand‐sized sediments, up to two times more than coase silt and up to 10 times more than fine silt to clay. The prevalence of siltstone in the area enhances the contribution of sedimentary rocks to fine silt and clay (up to 50% higher than to sand). Volcanic rocks mainly produce coarse silt (up to 2.5 times more than sand). Low‐grade metamorphic detritus is enriched in silt and clay (up to 5–7 times). These findings highlight the critical role of lithology in regulating sediment generation. The study's approach can establish or modify factors modeling lithological control on suspended sediment flux, such as in the BQART equation.

Varietal studies of sedimentary provenance use the properties of individual minerals or mineral groups. These are recorded as lists of numerical tables that can be difficult to interpret. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) is a popular multivariate ordination technique for analyzing other types of provenance data based on, for example, detrital geochronology or petrography. Applying MDS to varietal data would allow them to be treated on an equal footing with those other provenance proxies. MDS requires a method to quantify the dissimilarity between two samples. This paper introduces three ways to do so. The first method (“treatment‐by‐row”) turns lists of (compositional) data tables into lists of vectors, using principal component analysis. These lists of vectors can then be treated as “distributional” data and subjected to MDS analysis using dissimilarity measures such as the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov statistic. The second method (“treatment‐by‐column”) turns lists of compositional data tables into multiple lists of vectors, each representing a single component of the varietal data. These multiple distributional data sets are subsequently subjected to Procrustes analysis or 3‐way MDS. The third method uses the Wasserstein‐2 distance to jointly compare the rows and columns of varietal data. This arguably makes the best use of the data but acts more like a “black box” than the other two methods. Applying the three methods to a detrital titanite data set from Colombia yields similar results. After converting varietal data to dissimilarity matrices, they can be combined with other types of provenance data, again using Procrustes analysis or 3‐way MDS.

The global number of megacities is projected to increase from 33 to 43 by 2030. Megacities are critical for the world’s economy; however, their resource management is particularly challenging. The increase of energy demand, in parallel to population growth and climate change, requires urgent investment in sustainable energies. We examine the megacities of Bogotá, Los Angeles, and Jakarta and reveal that the potential geothermal resource base is enough to cover the residential electricity demand by 1.14, 4.25, 1.84 times, respectively. Geothermal energy, a clean baseload resource independent from weather conditions, could significantly contribute to energy needs, improved air quality, and the decarbonization of the world’s megacities. We conclude that it is critical that governments and public are educated about the benefits of geothermal. Moreover, those energy policies coupled with investment in research and development are needed to ensure geothermal is successfully integrated into the future energy mix.

Dryland fluvial systems respond to hydroclimate changes on Quaternary timescales, yet deciphering the palaeoenvironmental histories they preserve is often complex. Whilst hydrological signals are preserved in sediment stores as variations in sediment amount, character, and composition, studies in dryland settings such as Namibia that link sedimentological and compositional changes to palaeoflow are limited. Focusing on the Huab River, Skeleton Coast, this paper presents the first integrated study of textural, compositional, and stratigraphic features from a Namibian fluvial archive. Petrographic and heavy mineral assemblages from Raman laser spectroscopy are combined with lithostratigraphic and particle size analysis. Together with a chronology established through 42 optically stimulated luminescence ages, we reconstruct provenance, changes in river style, and fluvial response to climate.The Huab lithostratigraphic record details periods of flashy ephemeral flow interbedded with flow within well‐defined channels. Compositional assemblages indicate that humid conditions during the early to mid‐Holocene resulted in activation of sediment stores across the catchment. Episodic discharge within an ephemeral river from 12 to 9 ka was followed by a more sustained river flow in a channelized system from 7 to 5 ka. During the late Holocene, better hydraulic sorting, increased mechanical breakdown of polycrystalline grains, and flash flood lithofacies suggest that flow occurred within a more arid climate. This fine‐scaled analysis of an ephemeral fluvial system indicates the utility of assessing compositional changes to distinguish between depositional regimes. This is an important approach for reconstructing fluvial response to climate and for obtaining palaeoenvironmental records from complex sedimentary archives in dryland river settings.

33 Megacities are distributed around the world, a number that will increase to 43 by 2030. Megacities are critical for the world’s economy, however, their management is particularly challenging in terms of transportation, water, waste, sanitation, security, electricity, and environmental impact. The increase of energy demand, in parallel to population growth and climate change, requires investment in sustainable energies. Geothermal energy – differently from solar, wind and hydroelectric is independent from weather conditions. A number of megacities around the world are located in areas with anomalous geothermal gradients, proximal to the margins of tectonic plates. This colocation makes geothermal an attractive resilient, baseload, low-carbon, energy source helping Megacities reduce their environmental impact. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of using geothermal energy, leading the study for the city of Bogotá, and applying the same workflow for Los Angeles and Jakarta. We aim to provoke the inclusion of geothermal in energy policies of other megacities around the world.

This paper shows how heavy minerals and single-grain varietal studies can be conducted on silt (representing c. 50% of world's sediments) sediments to obtain quantitative data as efficiently as for sand-sized sediments. The analytical workflows include heavy mineral separation using a wide grain-size window (15–355 μ) analysed through integrated optical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, QEMSCAN microscopy and U–Pb dating of detrital zircon. Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous silt-sized sediments from the Mandawa Basin of central-southern Tanzania have been selected for the scope of this research. Raman-aided heavy mineral analysis reveals garnet and apatite to be the most common minerals together with durable zircon, tourmaline and subordinate rutile. Accessory but diagnostic phases are titanite, staurolite, epidote and monazite. Etch pits on garnet and cockscomb features on staurolite document the significant effect of diagenesis on the pristine heavy mineral assemblage. Multivariate statistical analysis highlights a close association among durable minerals (zircon, tourmaline and rutile, ZTR) while garnet and apatite plot alone reflecting independence between the three groups of variables with garnet increasing in Jurassic samples. Raman data for garnet end-member analysis document different associations between Jurassic (richer in A, Bi and Bii types) and Cretaceous (dominant A, Ci and Cii types) samples. U–Pb dating of detrital zircon and their statistical integration with the above-mentioned datasets provide further insights into changes in provenance and/or drainage systems. Metamorphic rocks of the early and late Pan-African orogeny terranes of the Mozambique Belt and those of the Irumide Belt acted as main source of sediment during the Jurassic. Cretaceous sediments record a broadening of the drainage system reaching as far as the Usagran–Ubendian Belt and the Tanzanian Archean Craton.

Aeolian sedimentary processes and corresponding facies shape the Earth’s surface and control the evolution of dune fields. The Namib Sand Sea with its Sossusvlei playa-lake is a perfect example to investigate the spatial distribution of fluvially influenced aeolian deposits. Remote sensing in combination with ground observations allowed for mapping of the facies distribution pattern of associated fluvial and aeolian sediments. Laboratory spectral signature measurements were used to further improve the separation between six groups of facies: modern aeolian sand, deflation surface, mud pool/mud drapes, heavy mineral lag, reworked fluvial–aeolian sediments, and fossil dune remnant. The best results were achieved through a supervised classification algorithm trained by field observations, a combination of Principal Component Analysis, band ratios, texture and geomorphologic indices. Consequently, a map outlining the facies distribution pattern of the Sossusvlei area at a scale of 1:10,000 was created. We propose this as a possible workflow to efficiently map and monitor desert environments and to investigate the interplay of aeolian and fluvial sediments.