Limin Shao

Peanut pod rot is one of the major plant diseases affecting peanut production and quality over China, which causes large productivity losses and is challenging to control. To improve the disease resistance of peanuts, breeding is one significant strategy. Crucial preventative and management measures include grading peanut pod rot and screening high-contributed genes that are highly resistant to pod rot should be carried out. A machine vision-based grading approach for individual cases of peanut pod rot was proposed in this study, which avoids time-consuming, labor-intensive, and inaccurate manual categorization and provides dependable technical assistance for breeding studies and peanut pod rot resistance. The Shuffle Attention module has been added to the YOLOv5s (You Only Look Once version 5 small) feature extraction backbone network to overcome occlusion, overlap, and adhesions in complex backgrounds. Additionally, to reduce missing and false identification of peanut pods, the loss function CIoU (Complete Intersection over Union) was replaced with EIoU (Enhanced Intersection over Union). The recognition results can be further improved by introducing grade classification module, which can read the information from the identified RGB images and output data like numbers of non-rotted and rotten peanut pods, the rotten pod rate, and the pod rot grade. The Precision value of the improved YOLOv5s reached 93.8%, which was 7.8%, 8.4%, and 7.3% higher than YOLOv5s, YOLOv8n, and YOLOv8s, respectively; the mAP (mean Average Precision) value was 92.4%, which increased by 6.7%, 7.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. Improved YOLOv5s has an average improvement of 6.26% over YOLOv5s in terms of recognition accuracy: that was 95.7% for non-rotted peanut pods and 90.8% for rotten peanut pods. This article presented a machine vision- based grade classification method for peanut pod rot, which offered technological guidance for selecting high-quality cultivars with high resistance to pod rot in peanut.

Gossypol, as an important oil and raw material for feed, is mainly produced by cotton pigment gland, and has a wide range of applications in the fields of pharmaceutics, agriculture and industry. Accurate knowledge of the distribution of pigment gland in cotton leaves is important for estimating gossypol content. However, pigment glands are extremely small and densely distributed, manual counting is laborious and time-consuming, and difficult to count quickly and accurately. It is thus necessary to design a fast and accurate gland counting method. In this paper, the machine vision imaging technology is used to establish an image acquisition platform to obtain cotton leaf images, and a network structure is proposed based on deep learning, named as Interpolation-pooling net, to segment the pigment glands in the cotton leaf images. The network adopts the structure of first interpolation and then pooling, which is more conducive to the extraction of pigment gland features. The accuracy of segmentation of the model in cotton leaf image set is 96.7%, and the mIoU (Mean Intersection over Union), Recall, Precision and F1-score is 0.8181, 0.8004, 0.8004 and 0.8004 respectively. In addition, the number of pigment glands in cotton leaves of three different densities was measured. Compared with manual measurements, the square of the correlation coefficient (R²) of the three density pigment glands reached 0.966, 0.942 and 0.91, respectively. The results show that the proposed semantic segmentation network based on deep learning has good performance in the detection and counting of cotton pigment glands, and has important value for evaluating the gossypol content of different cotton varieties. Compared with the traditional chemical reagent determination method, this method is safer and more economical.

The Rhizotrons method is an important means of detecting dynamic growth and development phenotypes of plant roots. However, the segmentation of root images is a critical obstacle restricting further development of this method. At present, researchers mostly use direct manual drawings or software-assisted manual drawings to segment root systems for analysis. Root systems can be segmented from root images obtained by the Rhizotrons method, and then, root system lengths and diameters can be obtained with software. This type of image segmentation method is extremely inefficient and very prone to human error. Here, we investigate the effectiveness of an automated image segmentation method based on the DeepLabv3+ convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to streamline such measurements. We have improved the upsampling portion of the DeepLabv3+ network and validated it using in situ images of cotton roots obtained with a micro root window root system monitoring system. Segmentation performance of the proposed method utilizing WinRHIZO Tron MF analysis was assessed using these images. After 80 epochs of training, the final verification set F1-score, recall, and precision were 0.9773, 0.9847, and 0.9702, respectively. The Spearman rank correlation between the manually obtained Rhizotrons manual segmentation root length and automated root length was 0.9667 (p < 10^–8), with r² = 0.9449. Based on the comparison of our segmentation results with those of traditional manual and U-net segmentation methods, this novel method can more accurately segment root systems in complex soil environments. Thus, using the improved DeepLabv3+ to segment root systems based on micro-root images is an effective method for accurately and quickly segmenting root systems in a homogeneous soil environment and has clear advantages over traditional manual segmentation.

To solve the topology structure of a greenhouse environment-monitoring system and the ductility of joints, this study presents a design of a greenhouse-monitoring system based on the ZigBee wireless sensor network (WSN). The hardware and software designs of the network node are provided, and the process of the ZigBee network coordinator is elucidated. The system uses the microcontroller unit PIC18F4620CC2420 wireless transceiver module to send and receive data. Data from temperature and humidity sensors are collected using an inter-integrated circuit bus through the ZigBee network transmission to the monitoring platform. Test results show that the system has the advantages of having a simple structure, flexible nodes, and low power consumption. It can effectively monitor the temperature and humidity in a wireless environment. WSNs considerably help in greenhouse environment monitoring. The use of advanced technology to control greenhouse temperature and humidity can satisfy the optimum growth environment of greenhouse crops and effectively improve the yield and quality of crops. The application of WSNs in greenhouse monitoring is significant to the development of modern and precision agriculture in China.