G. K. Garipov

The Moscow State University (MSU) Extensive Air Shower (EAS) array is used to study the temporal distributions of particles in extensive air showers (EASes) with energies greater than 10¹⁴ eV. Delayed particles are registered in ~3.5% of all EASes. The flash observed in the frequency of their registration from 1986 to 1990 with a maximum in 1987 is discussed. The fine structure of flash decay consists of a series of bursts of quasi-periodic damped oscillations with periods of ∼4 days and durations of ∼32.5 days. The frequency of EAS registration does not change within the limits of statistical error.

The aim of the researches is detecting and exploration of microorganisms of Terrestrial and Cosmic origin.Microorganisms are supposed to be studied in the near-earth space on space objects of manmade origin and on the space bodies of Solar system in the extraterrestrial space, including planets.For research, it is proposed to use the properties of microorganisms to emit a fluorescent glow when they irradiated with flashes of light causing their fluorescence.One of the research tasks is to search for terrestrial microorganisms that have occurred in space from Earth, as well as research of the survival of the terrestrial microorganisms in space conditions which shall be placed in special laboratories on board of the microsatellites on the Earth.The second task is to search for microorganisms on space bodies in interplanetary space by remote sensing of the surface of space bodies by flashes of light.To solve the first problem of this work is considered an example of a micro-laboratory for the study of terrestrial microorganisms located in space conditions in near-earth space on microsatellites. To solve the second problem, is considered an example of remote sensing equipment of space objects for searching for microorganisms on space bodies in interplanetary space which is installed on board of microsatellite created for far space exploration.Concerning to the first task it is shown that in automatic laboratories on microsatellites, it is possible to study the dynamics of microorganisms survival in space in conditions with a fixed habitat similar to earth's and in a changing environment that adequate the entry of microorganisms into open space and return them back to the earth conditions.Concerning to the second task it is shown that colonies of microorganisms on the surface of space bodies can be detected and studied from the orbits of their artificial satellites or from flight path trajectories near the space body at distances in order 200 km, and single microorganisms can be detected and studied at distances in order hundreds of meters

The time distributions of particles in extensive air showers (EASs) have been studied using the EAS array at Moscow State University [1, 2]. More than 105

Tracking Ultraviolet Setup (TUS) detector is a detector of ultraviolet (UV) radiation of the atmosphere in the wavelength range of 300–400 nm (near-ultraviolet) with high sensitivity (tens of photons emitted within the solid angle of 10^–4 sr in 0.8 μs), which operated for a year and a half aboard the Lomonosov satellite. The TUS telescope had a multipurpose operational program, which made it possible to detect UV flashes from the shortest ones created by extensive air showers generated by cosmic rays to long ones, up to 1 s, created by meteors. Among these various phenomena, most often are flashes from lightning strikes, both directly creating a glow and causing the development of secondary discharges in the atmosphere, in the upper atmosphere and in the ionosphere. These discharges differ in both nature and phenomenology—in particular, they have different durations and luminosities.

The search for microorganisms in cosmic bodies of the Solar System is of great importance for understanding the problem of the origin of life. At present, it is difficult to create specialized laboratories searching for living microorganisms on the surface of planets or cosmic bodies that either formed in the Solar System or were captured by the Solar gravity from interstellar space. Existing experiments on search for life on landers and planet research vehicles allow this research to be conducted on the surface of planets and their satellites, but on a limited area near the landing site. This paper considers a method of remote sensing of outer space by light flashes of cosmic objects to detect bioactivity on almost all of their surfaces. The presence of bioactivity is the detected by specific luminescence of microorganisms when they are illuminated by probing radiation that causes their fluorescence.

The experiments on-board Vernov satellite were aimed on the study of high energy (relativistic and sub-relativistic) electron acceleration and losses in the trapped radiation areas as well as high altitude electric discharges in the upper Atmosphere. A separate task was study electromagnetic-wave phenomena in the near Earth space and the upper Atmosphere. During observations on 10 December 2014 interesting phenomena were discovered. They are connected to non-linear effects in wave activity of the type of two or three wave decays as well as splitting into two wave structures. Whistlers with specific unusual temporal structure of swallowtail type were observed on the spectral diagrams (sonograms), which were obtained for this time. It was shown that such signals can be caused by seismic activity. The signals of the type of whistler with long tail were also observed. Such signals were also detected by ground stations.

The generation of transient and other optical phenomena in the Earth’s upper atmosphere under the action of electron fluxes and high- and low-frequency electromagnetic waves resulting from...