Agnieszka Głodowska

DEFINICJA POJĘCIA: Ekonomia dobrobytu to nurt teorii ekonomii, zajmujący się rozumieniem i kwantyfikacją dobrobytu oraz analizą alokacji i dystrybucji zasobów oraz dóbr w gospodarce w kontekście maksymalizacji dobrobytu społecznego. ANALIZA HISTORYCZNA POJĘCIA: Ekonomia dobrobytu ukształtowała się na początku minionego wieku, jednakże problem dobrobytu w gospodarce jest rozważany w każdej myśli ekonomicznej. W samej ekonomii dobrobytu można zidentyfikować normatywne i pozytywne podejścia badawcze. Inna klasyfikacja wymienia starą i nową ekonomię dobrobytu. Na przestrzeni lat nurt rozwijał się, implikowany ekonomią rozwoju oraz ekonomią szczęścia. UJĘCIE PROBLEMOWE POJĘCIA: Problemowe pojęcia rozważane w ekonomii dobrobytu to konceptualizacja i operacjonalizacja dobrobytu, podział dochodu i bogactwa w gospodarce, a także alokacja, dystrybucja, redystrybucja zasobów. To także uznanie mechanizmów rynkowych i roli państwa w gospodarce. REFLEKSJA SYSTEMATYCZNA Z WNIOSKAMI I REKOMENDACJAMI: Ekonomia dobrobytu przeszła ewolucję od podejścia utylitarystycznego i materialnego do dobrostanu emocjonalnego i satysfakcji z życia. Wpływ ekonomii rozwoju i ekonomii szczęścia sprawił, że pojęcie dobrobytu stało się wielowymiarowe i objęło zdrowie, relacje społeczne, bezpieczeństwo oraz zrównoważony rozwój. Dynamiczne zmiany w otoczeniu istotnie wpływają na sposób, w jaki jednostki i społeczeństwa definiują „dobre życie”. Ekonomia dobrobytu coraz bardziej staje się więc otwartym, dynamicznym językiem opisu i projektowania ładu społeczno­‑gospodarczego, a nie wyłącznie teorią optymalnej alokacji zasobów.

This article examines the impact of the European Union's post‐March 2014 and post‐February 2022 sanctions episodes against Russia on trade between Russia and the Visegrad countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia) over 2013–2024. Changes are analysed at both the aggregate level and—based on an original identification of EU sanction coverage—across selected sanctioned product chapters and non‐sanctioned reference groups. The empirical framework combines descriptive statistics on the distribution of the selected product groups with two complementary econometric approaches: a gravity‐based Poisson pseudo‐maximum likelihood model (PPML) with fixed effects, estimated in a difference‐in‐differences design relative to control markets, and a PPML interrupted time‐series model used as a robustness check to identify structural breaks and post‐intervention trends. Empirically, the effects of EU sanctions on Visegrad exports to Russia were strongly negative already under the post‐March 2014 sanctions regime, particularly for highly sanctioned manufactured product groups such as machinery and electrical equipment, and intensified further following the substantial expansion of sanctions after February 2022. Import effects were initially weaker but intensified markedly from 2022 onward, most notably for energy sources. The findings point to episode‐specific trade responses, pronounced heterogeneity across product groups, and a clear asymmetry between export and import adjustments.

This study explores the factors shaping the entrepreneurial intentions of migrant students in a new destination country, Ukrainians and Belarusians studying in Poland. By addressing a relatively underexplored topic, the research implements an abductive approach and develops a hierarchical model of factors influencing these students' entrepreneurial aspirations, identifying antecedents, classifying them as driving, linkage, dependent, or autonomous factors, and mapping both direct and transitive links among them. The study employs a mixed‐method qualitative approach in two stages: (i) focus groups to identify antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions; (ii) data collected based on survey responses were analysed using TISM and MICMAC to classify these antecedents according to their interrelationships and hierarchical structure. The research uncovers 11 antecedents of entrepreneurial intentions of migrant students, and based on their interrelationships, constructs a four‐level hierarchical model that maps how these factors influence and connect with one another. Legal and formal issues, such as stay legalisation, financial conditions, and business regulations, are three driving forces of entrepreneurial intentions, consistent with earlier research on migrant entrepreneurship. We also identified three dependent factors: partnerships, cultural attitudes, and attitudes towards migrants, likely due to students' integration within academic communities.

DEFINICJA POJĘCIA: Celem teorii handlu międzynarodowego jest objaśnienie przyczyn i mechanizmów wymiany międzynarodowej, czynników determinujących strukturę towarową i geograficzną tej wymiany oraz relacje wymienne między gospodarkami. ANALIZA HISTORYCZNA POJĘCIA: Teorie handlu międzynarodowego są jedną z najstarszych subdyscyplin ekonomii. Dotychczas powstało wiele koncepcji, takich jak teorie: klasyczne, neoklasyczne, współczesne. Ewolucja teorii handlu międzynarodowego wynikała ze zmieniających się uwarunkowań rynkowych oraz postępu technologicznego. Kolejne teorie powstawały na gruncie krytyki poprzednich lub jako ich rozwinięcie. UJĘCIE PROBLEMOWE POJĘCIA: Teorie handlu międzynarodowego na przestrzeni lat koncentrowały się na następujących aspektach: koszty wytwarzania, zasoby, wiedza, technologia, kapitał ludzki, popyt i podaż, polityka państwa. REFLEKSJA SYSTEMATYCZNA Z WNIOSKAMI I REKOMENDACJAMI: Dynamicznego charakteru handlu międzynarodowego oraz złożoności procesów globalnych nie sposób opisać za pomocą jednej koncepcji. Współcześnie większość powiązań handlowych pomiędzy gospodarkami łatwiej zrozumieć na podstawie nowych teorii handlu. Wymagane jest jednak podejście bardziej interdyscyplinarne, uwzględniające: teorie wzrostu gospodarczego, nową geografię ekonomiczną, teorie internacjonalizacji.

Objective: The objective of the article is to conceptualize and systematize the most relevant dimensions and issues of migrant entrepreneurship based on the literature review. Research Design & Methods: In the article, we applied a narrative literature review. We identified. relevant publications by indicating keywords that allowed for the selection of publications relating to the examined problem. We assumed an 11-year research period (2013-2023) and selected the Scopus database for the articles selection. Findings: The study revealed that although there are similarities among various categories of migrant entrepreneurs, they also display notable differences in their preceding circumstances, variables contributing to their success, and characteristics that moderate their outcomes. The study recognises and conceptualises diverse migration motivation (forced, voluntary, or next generation), and dominant embeddedness (home country, host country or international embeddedness) as factors impacting the key characteristics of migrant entrepreneurship types. Implications & Recommendations: The article suggests that customised assistance programmes are essential for various categories of migrant entrepreneurs, considering their distinct motivations and integration into the community. The recommendation is to develop focused programmes that target the individual issues encountered by each group, promoting both their assimilation and global economic growth. Contribution & Value Added: The significance and merit of this article reside in its comprehensive review of several categories of migrant entrepreneurship including transnational, diaspora, ethnic, refugee, and returnee entrepreneurs. It helps to develop a more nuanced understanding of these entrepreneurs. This framework facilitates the identification of various entrepreneurial trajectories and the distinct obstacles and prospects encountered by diverse migrant communities.

Objective: The article aims to identify and characterise the most important aspects of the digital transformation of entrepreneurship and business as an essential trend in the modern economy and contemporary business. Research Design & Methods: The article is a typical narrative and critical literature review that collects, analyses, and critiques the literature on the subject. Findings: The article focuses on three issues. Firstly, the concept and scope of technology entrepreneurship and new technology-based firms are discussed while indicating selected entrepreneurial mechanisms that are specific to this phenomenon. The next part of the article examines the digital competencies that are essential for modern business, especially the digitisation of entrepreneurship and business. Thirdly, the article reveals digital transformation as a change agent in entrepreneurship; as a game-changer, especially in the post-pandemic period. Implications & Recommendations: The study is devoted to digital transformation, which has influenced present-day entrepreneurship and contemporary business in recent years. Undoubtedly, today, digital transformation is the challenge of the third decade of the twenty-first century, especially in the post-pandemic period. Contribution & Value Added: The article’s added value consists in the updated and synthetic presentation of business digitalisation’s most essential aspects and areas. The overview presents the current state of the art on digital transformation and its functions.

This article’s objective is to present the results of our research on the selection of an international strategy (adaptation vs. standardization) of Polish firms on the international market in the area of product and promotion, depending on whether they belong to the high-​tech industry or not. The research methodology applied in the article includes a critical literature review and quantitative methods using a CATI survey. This study is based on a sample of 355 internationalized businesses from Poland. A two-step approach was used in the quantitative study: 1) Student’s t-test and 2) logistic regression. Research shows that Polish firms from the high-tech industry adjust their international strategy to a greater extent to the requirements of individual international markets, both in product and promotion, than firms from non-high-tech industries. This study enriches the problem of international marketing strategy with the current view of the high-tech industry. The specificity and attributes of high-tech firms shed new light on the choice of a marketing strategy. It proves that the specificity of the sector can be essential and differentiate marketing decisions. In addition, high-tech attributes allow firms to respond better to today’s turbulent environment. The study can have many practical inspirations for managers, business owners, and entrepreneurs deciding on their international strategy and implementing high-​tech attributes in building competitive advantage in the internationalization process.

This article focuses on entrepreneurial orientation in a firm’s internationalisation process, which is one of the leading research trends in international entrepreneurship. The objective of the study is to verify the relationship between proactiveness, risk-taking and innovativeness as components of the entrepreneurial orientation of internationalised Polish firms. The article answers the main research question of how proactiveness and risk-taking influence innovativeness as an interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation. We present the results of a study based on a stratified sampling of 355 internationalised Polish firms. Structural equation modelling (CB-​SEM) demonstrated a positive effect of proactiveness (PROACT) and risk-taking (RISK) on innovativeness (INNO) as an interrelated three-dimensional construct of entrepreneurial orientation. Moreover, the level of proactiveness (PROACT) and risk-taking (RISK) explained 32% of the variation in innovativeness (INNO), which is high in social sciences, including business studies.

The chapter aims to investigate the patterns of internationalization of family firms from Poland. The internationalization patterns include such behaviors as the speed, scope, and scale of internationalization. Based on the survey conducted among 190 firms in 2014 and 355 firms in 2018 from Poland, we applied the process-based approach in the dynamic perspective. Our findings proved that family firms from Poland prefer to internationalize incrementally in stages and onto closer markets. Exporting is the dominant international entry mode, but foreign capital stimulates investment modes. Foreign capital plays a meaningful role in the scale and speed of internationalization of family businesses from Poland. The primary value-added of the chapter is to shed light on the family firms from the international business perspective and enrich research by focusing on the sample from Central and Eastern Europe - countries which can be known as latecomer to international business.