Mikhail Ivanisov

The current paper has presented the study results of 109 winter wheat samples of various ecological and geographical origins conducted between 2022 and 2025. The study was carried out at the experimental field of the laboratory for breeding and seed production of winter common wheat of semi-intensive type of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. The purpose of the study was to identify the most valuable collection winter common wheat samples based on stability of productivity. 60.6 % (66 samples) of the studied samples were of Russian breeding; 6.4 % (7 samples) of Ukrainian breeding; 3.7 % each (4 samples) of Turkish, Kazakh, and Hungarian breeding; 2.8 % each (3 samples) of Czech and American breeding. The share of samples from other countries was 16.3 %. On average, productivity varied over the years of study, ranging from 420.5 g/m² for the variety Kanto 107 (Japan) to 881.5 g/m² for the variety Muck (Germany). Productivity varied significantly through the years, from 230.0 g/m² for the variety Kanto 107 (Japan) in 2024 to 1040 g/m² for the variety Solokha (Ukraine) in 2022. Thirteen varieties significantly exceeded productivity of the standard variety Don 107 (707.0 g/m ² , HSR ₀₅ =124.5), with increases ranging from 126.5 g/m ² for the variety Retezat (Romania) to 174.5 g/m ² for the variety Muck (Germany). Genotypes that form stable productivity and are responsive to improved conditions include Moskovskaya 56 (Russia) (bi=1.45 and σ d ² =0.67), Muck (Germany) (bi=1.41 and σ d ² =4.04), and Retezat (Romania) (bi=1.40 and σ d ² =1.27). The samples Martanvasari 9 (Hungary) (CV=12.1 % and Hom=32.6), Irda (Russia) (CV=14.1 % and Hom=31.7) and Zapashna (Ukraine) (CV=15.4 % and Hom=23.6) have been found stable in productivity. Stress-resistant genotypes included such varieties as Irda (Russia) (Ymin-Ymax = -169), Flesh (Russia) (Ymin-Ymax=-156), Kuban (Russia) (Ymin-Ymax=-148), Don 95 (Russia) (Ymin-Ymax=-108) and Martanvasari 9 (Hungary) (Ymin-Ymax=-184), which had a smaller difference between the minimum and maximum values of productivity. According to a set of indicators, the most valuable samples, taking into account stability, are Muck (Germany), Retezat (Romania), XE 9710 (France) and MV Nemere (Hungary), which should be used in further breeding work to increase productivity.

Winter common wheat is an agricultural crop with a wide cultivation area and significant potential. The development of new highly productive genotypes requires a comprehensive approach, including not only assessment of productivity but also a detailed analysis of yield structure elements. The purpose of the current study was to estimate productivity and its correlation with its primary elements of modern winter common wheat varieties developed by the developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. A three-year study (2023–2025) of fifteen modern winter common wheat varieties, developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, was conducted in the North Caucasus region. The mean productivity varied from 7.03 to 8.76 t/ha, in the trial it was 7.74 t/ha, the increase to the standard varied from 0.11 to 1.73 t/ha. The maximum productivity (over 8 t/ha) was obtained from such varieties as Premiera (8.16 t/ha), Donetsk (8.11 t/ha), Ermak 2 (8.24 t/ha), Stolitsa (8.58 t/ha), Elbrus (8.76 t/ha). The genotypes demonstrated a high degree of susceptibility (V=23.2–34.5%) to annual fluctuations in cultivation. The results of the trials have shown that the studied varieties surpassed the standard variety Don 107 in productivity due to various structure elements. Highly productive genotypes have demonstrated significant increases in four to six structure parameters. A correlation analysis has revealed that productivity is positively correlated with such traits as productive stem density (r=0.36±0.14), grain weight per ear (r=0.55±0.12), and 1000-grain weight (r=0.68±0.10). Further increases in productivity are possible through the development of optimal values for the primary yield structure elements.

The research was conducted in 2014–2022 in the crop rotation laboratory of the technology of cultivation of grain crops «ASC» Donskoy» in the southern zone of the Rostov region. The purpose of the research is to select varieties of soft winter wheat that, due to their biological characteristics, extend the recommended sowing time for the zone without reducing crop productivity. Taking into account the peculiarities of the varieties of soft winter wheat, the varieties Aksinya and Polina should be used for early sowing according to any predecessors. Early sowing of Lilith, Kaprizulya, Kapitan, Volny Don, Volnitsa, Zodiac varieties is allowed, as they have a high adaptive potential. A delay in sowing these varieties later than the optimal time is unacceptable, as it leads to a significant decrease in yield (by 8–18.9%). When the optimal sowing dates for the zone occur, in addition to the above-mentioned varieties, the varieties Izyuminka, Lydia, and Krasa Dona should be sown, The Donskaya step, The Lark, Yubiley Dona, Chef, Etude. At the end of the optimal sowing time for non-steam precursors, it is allowed to sow such varieties as Don Steppe, Chef, Etude, Yubiley Dona. In comparison with other varieties, their adaptive potential makes it possible to reduce productivity to a lesser extent (by 0.06–0.24 t/ha). In case of late sowing, it is recommended to sow the Akros varieties as the most adapted. It is not recommended to sow these varieties earlier than the end of the optimal time for the zone, and late sowing will allow for an additional yield of 0.52–0.75 t/ha. Thus, using a set of varieties of the «ASC» Donskoy» breeding, it is possible to expand the range of sowing dates from 10 calendar days to 30 calendar days.

Relevance . Currently, the main aim of winter durum wheat breeding in the Rostov Region is to develop varieties for arid regions that are comparable in productivity to common wheat varieties and have highly stable grain quality. In this regard, the purpose of the current study was to carry out a comparative analysis of winter durum wheat lines to identify the best ones in terms of grain quality indicators. Metods . The study was conducted on experimental plots of the winter wheat breeding and seed production department of the FSBSI ARC “Donskoy” in 2023–2025. There have been studied 44 promising winter durum wheat lines in the trials. Results. The analysis of the coefficient of variation has shown that all quality indicators studied in our trials were characterized by low variability (Cv < 10.0%). Based on protein percentage, most samples corresponded to the 1 ^st grain quality class (> 13.5%), while the lines 1354/20 and 529/21 corresponded to the 2 ^nd class (12.5–13.49%). High gluten content, corresponding to the 1 ^st class (> 28.0%), was established in nine studied lines. According to the GOST standard for durum wheat, grain hardness of five samples (> 85%) met the 1 ^st grain quality class. High carotenoid pigment content, exceeding the standard variety Kristella (508 μg/%, HSR ₀₅ = 34.7 μg/%), was determined in nine studied lines. Based on the study of grain quality, there have been identified several winter durum wheat lines 216/21, 529/21, 732/21, 298/21, and 336/21 that meet GOST standards for the 1 ^st and 2 ^nd grain quality classes. Their widespread use in breeding will enable the development of new, highly productive, highqualitative varieties suitable for the pasta and cereal industry.

Winter wheat is the main food crop in the Russian Federation. However, extreme weather conditions have increased dramatically in recent decades, exacerbating the dependance of the size and quality of winter common wheat productivity on weather. There is a need for the proper selection of varieties in these conditions. The purpose of the current study was to identify, through post-registration variety testing, winter wheat varieties of different ecological and geographical origins with large productivity, adaptability, and resistance to agro-ecological changes to introduce into production, and to evaluate their profitability and production benefits. The study of winter wheat varieties during post-registration testing at the Slavyanoserbsk Variety Testing Station of the branch of the FSBEI HE LSAU in the Lugansk People’s Republic in 2023–2025 has established that the most productive varieties were ‘Shef’, ‘Zhavoronok’, ‘Lilit’, ‘Yubiley Dona’, ‘Donskaya Yubileinaya’ developed in the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, with average productivity of 2.98 t/ha over the years of study. The average productivity of the varieties developed at the National Center of Grain named after P.P. Lukyanenko was 2.84 t/ha, with promising varieties ‘Alekseich’ and ‘Bezostaya 100’. The varieties ‘Gubernator Dona’ and ‘Tarasovskaya 70’ developed at the FSBSI FRASC are of production interest. Despite the large average productivity in 2024 (29.8 t/ha), the varieties developed at “EkoNiva-Semena” have shown 2.55 t/ha over the years of study. The calculation of economic efficiency has shown that the highest net income (RUB 17,650) per 1 hectare and profitability (68.5 %) of winter wheat production in the Luhansk People's Republic were registered for the varieties developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”.

One of the main trends of winter common wheat breeding at the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” is the development of universal varieties that combine a set of economically valuable traits and properties, such as high and stable productivity at various growing conditions, short stems, complex resistance to unfavorable environmental factors and product quality corresponding to valuable and strong wheat. The purpose of the current work was to estimate the new winter common wheat variety ‘Ayuta’ according to economically valuable traits in comparison with commercial varieties bred by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. There have been studied 10 varieties of Zernograd breeding in 2020–2024 after such forecrops as maize for grain, green manure fallow, peas and sunflower. The new winter common wheat variety ‘Ayuta’ has been included in the State List of Breeding Achievements of the Russian Federation since 2024 for the Central Blackearth and North Caucasus regions. During the years of study, the variety formed large productivity in comparison with the standard after all studied forecrops, namely maize for grain (7.90; +0.63 t/ha), green manure fallow (9.88; +0.60 t/ha), peas (8.11; +0.29 t/ha), sunflower (6.08; +0.24 t/ha). The most stable varieties with high ecological resistance in the trial were ‘Don 107’, ‘Lidiya’ and ‘Ayuta’ (productivity range of 26.5–28.8 %; stability factor of 1.36–1.40). The new variety meets the main requirements of agricultural production, such as a low height (84.1 cm), lodging resistant (5 points), resistant to brown rust (0–5 %), powdery mildew (1.5 points). The variety was included in the lists of “valuable wheat” due to grain quality.

Relevance. One of the essential factors for further increasing the yield of grain crops and increasing the gross grain harvest is the introduction of new highly productive varieties with a complex of economically useful characteristics and properties.The purpose of the research is to evaluate modern varieties of winter durum wheat selected by the Federal State Budgetary Budgetary Institution ANTS “Donskoy” according to a set of economically valuable traits and properties.Results. The new winter durum wheat varieties studied in the trial were developed by the method of intervarietal and stepwise hybridization using the variety Teiya, lines of our own breeding (2257/07, 1036/09, 2424/07, 776/10) and varieties from other regions (Krupinka, Solo, Tur, Poseidon) as parental forms. Their mean productivity in 2021–2024 ranged from 8.16 t/ha (Kristella) to 9.70 t/ha (Pridonie). There were significant increases in the new winter durum wheat varieties Ellada (+0.48 t/ha), Grafit (+0.82 t/ha) and Pridonie (+1.27 t/ha). The studied new varieties are short-stemmed, lodging-resistant and large-grained, and belong to different groups of maturity. The plant survival rate of these varieties varied from 56.1 to 68.5%, with 59.1% of the standard variety Kristella. Frost resistance of the varieties Ellada, Khrizolit and Pridonie was similar to that of the standard variety. Protein percentage in grain was 13.70–14.40%, gluten was 27.4–28.9%, which corresponded to the 1st-2nd grain quality class (GOST 9353-2016). Grain hardness during the studied period ranged from 78 to 88%, with 83% of the standard. Despite abundant precipitation during the 2023 harvesting, there were identified such winter durum wheat varieties with high grain hardness as Karotinka (85%), Grafit (87%), Pridonie (88%), which corresponded to the 1st grain quality class. The pasta color of the promising winter durum wheat varieties was amber or dark amber, which corresponded to 5 points.

The study was conducted on the experimental plots of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” in 2022–2024. The objects of the study were 13 winter common wheat varieties of the competitive variety testing of the laboratory for breeding and seed production of winter common wheat of semi-intensive type. Sunflower was used as a forecrop. The purpose of the current study was to analyze the effect of the yield structure elements of the productivity of winter common wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”, according to the forecrop ‘sunflower’ in the southern part of the Rostov region. The study was conducted over three years, and they showed that the productivity varied from 5.96 t/ha of the variety ‘Volnitsa’ to 7.22 t/ha of the variety ‘Donetsk’. The number of productive stems varied from 520 pcs/m² to 615 pcs/m², the maximum values were established in the varieties ‘Ayuta’ (597 pcs/m²) and ‘Donetsk’ (615 pcs/m²). The ear length varied from 8.1 cm of the standard variety ‘Don 107’ to 10.3 cm of the variety ‘Premiera’. The number of spikelets per ear varied from 17.2 pcs (the standard variety ‘Don 107’) to 22.8 pcs (the variety ‘Ambar’). Most varieties have shown the maximum values of this trait, which exceeded the indicators of the standard variety ‘Don 107’ by 1.9–5.6 pieces. The maximum number of grains per ear was formed by the varieties ‘Ayuta’ (32.7 pieces), ‘PodarokKrymu’ (33.0 pieces), ‘Zhavoronok’ (33.1 pieces), ‘Donetsk’ (35.2 pieces). The correlation analysis of the yield and its elements according to the forecrop ‘sunflower’ has established that productivity was formed due to the number of productive stems (r = 0.71±0.24), grain weight per ear (r = 0.51±0.24), 1000-grain weight (r = 0.44±0.26). The rest yield structure elements were of a lesser effect on productivity of new varieties.

Новые сорта озимой пшеницы для жестких предшественников селекции ФГБНУ «АНЦ «Донской»

The purpose of the current work was to search for sources of winter wheat varieties’ resistance to the most common pathogens of the area under artificial infectious backgrounds and recommend them for inclusion in the breeding process. The study was carried out on the experimental plots of the laboratory for plant immunity and protection of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2021–2023. In order to expand the genetic diversity in immunity of newly developed varieties, it is necessary to use new sources of resistance. The objects of study were 78 winter wheat varieties from interstation variety testing, representing various breeding institutions in Russia and some foreign varieties. The study material was presented by the North Caucasian populations of pathogens of such wheat leaf diseases as powdery mildew, brown and yellow rust, and leaf spot (Septoria). Infectious backgrounds were formed according to generally accepted methods, using spore material of pathogens both stored and collected from crops in the previous year (types of rust) and collected from overwintered plants in the spring (powdery mildew, leaf spot). Weather conditions varied across the years of study (mainly in the autumn), but the damage to susceptible test varieties in the experiments was maximum. As a result of the study of the varieties on their resistance to one pathogen, there have been identified 23 varieties resistant to powdery mildew, 56 ones to leaf rust, 47 ones to yellow rust, 8 varieties to leaf spot. There has been given a characteristic of varieties according to various degree of resistance or susceptibility to each pathogen. On the resistance to two pathogens, there have been identified 17 varieties resistant to brown and yellow rust, 2 varieties resistant to brown rust and powdery mildew, 2 varieties resistant to yellow rust and powdery mildew, 1 variety resistant to brown rust and leaf spot. Ten varieties have shown resistance to no one pathogen, but they have had moderate resistance or moderate susceptibility to several other pathogens. 20 varieties were resistant to three diseases in various combinations, and 16 of them were resistant to brown, yellow rust, and powdery mildew. One variety ‘MV Nador’ from Hungary showed resistance to all 4 pathogens. All resistant varieties identified in the study can replenish the supply of winter wheat sources to the complex of leaf diseases for breeding purposes or be used in integrated crop protection against leaf diseases.