Sundari

The polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids feature many double bonds. EPA and DHA are two of the most well-known omega-3 fatty acids. fatty acids omega-3 EPA provide numerous health benefits, including as lowering the risk of heart disease and preventing blood vessel constriction, while DHA is an important component for brain growth, good retinal growth (vision) and good nerve formation. Kenari seeds (Canarium zeylanicum) are known as sources of omega 3, 6, 7 and 9 acids. This study aims to describe the composition of omega 3 acids from pure kenari oil extracted. Quantitative descriptive method with testing technique using the Gas Chromatography (GC) method according to the AOAC Official Method 963.22. The results showed that kenari oil contains fatty acids consisting of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and omega acids. Omega 3: Linolenic acid C18:3n3 (ALA), Cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid C20:5n3 (EPA). The results of the analysis which are ALA compounds are Octadecatrienoic acid with a percentage of 0.37% and EPA is 1-Eicosanol (Arachidic acid) with a percentage of 4.46%, so the total percentage of omega-3 content from the GC analysis of the extracted filtrate is 5.03 %.

Ornithoptera croesus is an endemic butterfly and is included in Wallace’s Golden Birdwing list. Ornithoptera spp. can be found in Halmahera islands, Bacan islands, Mandioli islands, Kasiruta islands, Morotai islands and Obi islands. This study aims to determine the contribution of environmental factors and feed carrying capacity that correlate to the existence and specific characteristics of Ornithoptera croesus. Descriptive exploratory research method with roaming method in several habitats of the butterfly Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island. Data were analyzed using Principle Component Analysis (PCA) technique. The results of this study indicate that geographical factors that influence the existence and characteristics of Ornithoptera croesus are: altitude, temperature, humidity and rainfall. Altitude and temperature have an influence on the type and availability of feed Ornithoptera croesus. Furthermore, the type of feed contributed to the morphological characteristics and the existence of the butterfly Ornithoptera croesus on Bacan Island.

The Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is associated with the roots and nodules of butterfly peas (Clitoria ternatea L.). This study aims to explore the PGPR in the rhizosphere of butterfly peas and to study their potential for biofertilizer. Characterization of PGPR was based on their ability to phosphate dissolution, auxin production, and nitrogen fixation as well as synergistic and antagonistic tests, and molecular identification. A total of 11 phosphate solubilizing bacteria isolates were isolated from the rhizosphere of butterfly peas while two isolates were taken from nodules. The RTF2 isolate from the rhizosphere had the highest phosphate solubility index. Meanwhile, the RTDH5-1, F1.1, and F2.1 showed strong inhibition ability against the growth of the pathogenic Rhizoctonia solani. The nitrogenase activity of isolates F2.1 and F1.1 from nodules were 0.975 μmol mL^-1 g^-1 h^-1; while the IAA production was 7.87 and 7.05 mg L^-1, respectively. The F1.1 had 100% similarity with Bacillus aryabhattai while F2.1 was 99.84% similar with Rhizobium sp. Both isolates can be used in biofertilizer formulation for North Maluku butterfly peas.

Butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea L.) is a leguminous plant with several potential health benefits. The scientific name is derived from its origin on Ternate Island, North Maluku. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the genetic variability in butterfly pea using Intergenic Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers in North Maluku. Field surveys, collection trips, and habitat studies of butterfly pea plants were conducted on Ternate, Tidore, Halmahera, and Morotai Islands. Genetic diversity was analyzed based on molecular data from the ISSR method. The molecular analysis results obtained using PCR-ISSR on 18 accessions showed a low degree of similarity. Among these, 15 accessions from Ternate, Tidore, Morotai, and Halmahera were in group A, while 3 from Ternate, Tidore, and Halmahera were in group B. All accessions exhibited a genetic similarity level of 0.709, indicating significant diversity. The arrangement among accessions on the dendrogram was similar to the phylogenetic tree, showing separation and spread at 0.608–0.924 based on the Jaccard coefficient. The results suggested that C. ternatea probably originated from Ternate, and subsequently spread to Tidore, Halmahera, and Morotai due to its use as a herbal medicine and ornamental plant. This information could be used as the basis for butterfly pea conservation and cultivation activities in Indonesia, specifically in Ternate Island, North Maluku.

Durian is a tropical fruit that has substantial economic value. One of the durian production centers in North Maluku is Tidore Island. This study’s objective was to identify genetic diversity, taxonomic status, and local durian conservation models in North Maluku. Data collection method with purposive sampling technique. Morphological data, including 142 characters (stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit), were analyzed descriptively and arranged by UPGMA dendrogram with the outgroup (D. kutezensis). Molecular data were obtained by using the PCR RAPD technic. Genetic diversity of local durian Tidore based on morphological characters produced 7 clusters with the closest genetic distance to local durian (R4-R10) with a similarity value of 0.887. Genetic diversity of local durian Tidore based on PCR RAPD technic produced 5 clusters with the closest genetic distance to local durian (R10-R12) with a similarity value of 0.977. The value of Tidore’s local durian dissimilarity is close to 10%; it can be assumed that the genetic diversity of Tidore’s local durian is at the level of intraspecies diversity. Gap analysis recommends that Tidore’s local durian conservation model is appropriate with the durian breeding program through an in-situ selection of superior traits and conservation..

DNA Barcoding is recommended as a tool for identifying and confirming species within the taxonomy framework. The rbcL gene is the barcode DNA for plant species. Ternate Island is one of clove plantation center in North Maluku. The diversity and productivity of cloves on the Ternate island known since in earlier times. This study has a purpose to amplify the rbcL gene in clove plants collected from clove plantations of communities in Ternate island. Isolation of total DNA carried out with using ZymoBiomic (Zymo Research DNA Extraction) Kit from leaves tissue, then DNA specimen is amplified based on rbcL gene with forwarding sequence rbcLaF 5′-ATG TCA CCA CAA ACA GAG ACT AAA GC-3′ and reverse sequence is rbcLaR 5′-GTA AAA TCA AGT CCA CCR CG-3′. The results showed that the specimen was successfully amplified with an amplicon size of 600 bp. Furthermore, BLASTN analysis results note that the sequence has a similarity of 99% with Syzygium cumini vc. J.R. Abbott 23676 (FLAS) ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase large subunit (rbcL) gene, but phylogenetically the precise position of sample could not found because the limitation of rbcL gene.

At present, coconut shell charcoal briquettes are one of the alternative energy sources that are in demand by the export market. The purpose of this research was to produce an alternative briquette product based on local natural materials. Kenari shell is a waste of natural materials or biomass. The characteristics of Kenari shells have the same structure with coconut shell. The pre-design of briquette production of this Kenari shell used pre-treatment process stages, charcoal making, destruction, printing with adhesive variation, drying, and SNI quality of briquette quality analysis. The results of pre-design of bio-briquette production of Kenari shell showed that the application of the method and the basic ingredients of waste could produce the product of charcoal briquettes equal to charcoal briquettes of coconut shell.

South Halmahera is one of the cocoa-producing centers in North Maluku, but the pulp of cocoa is less noticed and assumed to be not important in commercial purpose and is largely disposed as agroindustry residue. This study aimed to characterize the cocoa pulp from southern Halmahera for bioethanol production. Survey and observation methods were conducted to obtain bioethanol feedstock from cocoa pulp. Cocoa pulps mucilage is a waste that can be processed into bioethanol products with high economic value. The results of this study indicated that theaverage of 100kg of cocoa beans produced 5-8 litters of mucilage juice residues. The results of this study indicated that cocoa pulp from southern Halmahera had the optimum time for the fermentation process for 12 days. The level of alcohol produced by fermentation was 4.85%, and this level was a low category.

Polyclonal antibodies are antibody proteins formed from interaction between antigens that enter a body. It results in immunogenicity. The process of generating polyclonal antibodies begins with purifying a membrane protein. A membrane protein that is potential to make an antibody is the outer membrane protein (OMP) of bacterium V. parahaemolyticus. These proteins are injects into an animal's body as the target antigen so that an antibody can be produced. The antibody was obtained by taking the animal's blood sample. It is then isolated in a serum until it generates a polyclonal antibody. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) is a technique normally used to measure the concentration of an antibody or an antigen in blood or to detect their existence in a sample. The aim of this research was to analyse the immunogenicity of polyclonal antibodies produced from Vibrio Parahaemolyticus membranes that was induce using ELISA method. Research findings indicate that the highest OD value of ELISA (0, 404) was obtained on the third week of 1/100 dilution. The highest value of antigens and antibodies interaction was found on 1/100 dilution. Immunization before booster generated relatively small antibody titres because the rat's body was not ready to provide an immune response.

DNA content in total microorganisms in plants can utilized for DNA fingerprint studies and a description of the physiological conditions of the plant. The metagenomic technique represents a novel approach in complex genomic analysis of total non-cultured microorganisms. The purpose of this study was to obtain metagenomic DNA isolated from clove plantations of communities in Ternate. The method used in this research is total DNA isolated from leaf and stem samples directly using ZymoBiomic (Zymo Research DNA Extraction) Kit, then amplified DNA based on 16s RNA with forward sequence 27F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCATGGCTCAG-3') sequence and sequence reverse ie 1492R (5'- GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3 '). The results of this study show that of four samples only one sample from fresh leaves have 1400bp. The metagenomic technique of plant tissue is less effective because of many contaminants that are amplify resulting in a double peak amplicon from the first base up to the last base.