Evgenii E. Lysov

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) are now uncovering new possibilities in the field of internal medicine owing to their diverse protective effects. In the second part of the literature review, we explore potential applications of SGLT2i in hepatology, neurology, ophthalmology, and oncology, mechanisms of action of such drugs as dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, canagliflozin, etc, and their effect on different organs and systems.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have emerged as a revolutionary class of drugs with far-reaching protective effects in multiple organs. The protective potential of SGLT2i is much broader than that of the classical concept of glucose control and consists of an entire conglomerate of associated pleiotropic effects. This study aims to provide a descriptive review of the pleiotropic therapeutic potential of SGLT2i. The first part of the literature review examined the use of SGLT2i in cardiology and nephrology. The use of SGLT2i represents an innovative approach to improving patients’ quality of life and course of heart failure and chronic kidney disease, regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction and type 2 diabetes.

Currently, congenital cardiovascular diseases, including congenital heart defects, contribute to the morbidity and mortality of children worldwide. In this regard, great importance is gained by experiments that allow studying the development of cardiovascular system (CVS). The use of chicken embryos laid the foundation for an experimental study of both the physiology and pathology of the development of CVS. In virtue to accumulated theoretical and experimental material about pattern of development chicken embryos and their organs it becomes possible to study etiology and pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases. Due to the availability, large size, simplicity of manipulation and cultivation, chicken embryos served as a model for describing of the development and vascularization of the heart, and due to the high conservatism of many key mechanisms of early ontogenesis, the data obtained from such experiments could also be extrapolated to humans. Work with chicken embryos formed the basis for human knowledge in the field of embryogenesis of the cardiovascular system - the formation of the myocardium, epicardium, endocardium, coronary vascular bed, chambers of the heart and the main vessels. With the development of new biomedical technologies, primarily the techniques of intravital imaging, the range of possible interventions on the CCC of the chick embryo has expanded. Taking into account these advantages and the improvement of experimental methods, models based on chicken embryos do not lose relevance to this day.