Artem A. Konyshev

The abundant water resources of the Northern Ladoga region are subject to anthropogenic pressures and geogenic influences associated with the distinctive geochemistry of the bedrock. Spring water is widely used for domestic purposes, including drinking. These waters are characterized by low salinity with a dominant Ca–HCO₃ facies often enriched in SO₄²⁻. Geochemical signatures reflect sulfide and fluorite mineralization, particularly in springs near Pitkäranta, and are associated with elevated concentrations of Zn, Mn, Rb, Y, Cd, Mo, U, and Cu. NICA-Donnan speciation modeling indicates extensive complexation by dissolved organic matter (DOM) of Fe, Ni, Cd, Cu, Pb, U, Th, Co, and Al, with particularly stable complexes of Cu, Pb, U, and Th. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling indicated that mining and its associated industrial heritage are the primary sources of potentially toxic elements, followed, to a lesser extent, by transport and road infrastructure, as well as natural sources.

This work is devoted to the investigation of rare-metal granites associated with anorthosite–rapakivi granite rock complexes. This article evaluates the physicochemical conditions that governed the formation of a rare-metal granite dike. It also explores assumptions regarding the geological characteristics of the magmatic chamber, describes evidence for liquid immiscibility, and addresses the post-entrapment evolution of hydrosilicate liquids. In addition, new mineralogical data are presented. The methods employed include optical and electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS), melt inclusion homogenisation experiments, and fluid inclusion study. The investigated granitic dike formed under low pressure (60–110 MPa) and temperatures of about 580–600 °C, from a specific volatile-saturated magma rich in H₂O (up to 16.76 wt% in quenched hydrosilicate liquid products) and in F (up to 4.16 wt%) and Li (up to 3804 ppm), as indicated by homogenised melt inclusions. At the time of emplacement, a silicate melt, a probable Ca-fluoride melt, an Mg-Fe Al-Si-rich hydrosilicate liquid (either mutually soluble with or mixed with the inferred Ca-fluoride melt), and an essentially aqueous fluid coexisted. Depolymerisation of the silicate melt and the presence of complex ions probably promoted the dissolution and transport of high field strength elements (HFSE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE) elements by the Mg-Fe Al-Si-rich hydrosilicate liquid. During the final stage of evolution of the granitic magmatic system, Mg behaved incompatibly because of its negligible partitioning into mica; rather than accumulating in the silicate melt, it entered the hydrosilicate liquid as a major component. The residual silicate melt consequently attained even lower Zr/Hf, Nb/Ta, and Y/Ho ratios than the studied rock.

The Siberian Traps have been a reference object for geologists for many years in understanding the origin of Large Igneous Provinces on Earth. Data from high-magnesium rocks in its northern region have traditionally been used to create genetic models. However, the central and southern parts, consisting of the tholeiitic basaltic rocks (platform basalts, or typical traps), remain significantly unexplored, despite their important role in volcanic evolution within the province. This article presents new structural, mineralogical, and geochemical data from the tuff-lava sequences in the central regions of the Tunguska syneclise, i.e., along the Lower Tunguska River Valley and near Vanavara settlement in the Podkamennaya Tunguska Valley. The studied sections include pyroclastic rocks of the Korvunchansky Formation and overlaying basalts and tuffs of the Nidymsky and Kochechumsky Formations (Early Triassic, 251 Ma). Major and trace element analyses of 64 samples show that basalts from these formations are similar in composition, with MgO contents ranging from 4.2% to 7.8%. Trace element patterns exhibit negative Ta-Nb anomalies and positive Pb anomalies, which are typical of the Siberian platform basalts. Tuffs, on the other hand, differ from the basalts by having higher SiO₂ and K₂O contents and steeper rare earth element (REE) patterns. Isotopic analysis (Sr-Nd) confirms the difference between basalts and tuffs and suggests their origin from two distinct magma sources. The Nidymsky basalts have positive Ɛ_Nd values (+2.21 to +3.10), similar to those of the Morongovsky and Mokulaevsky basalts in the Norilsk area. Tuffs, on the other hand, exhibit negative Ɛ_Nd (−1.33 to −4.5) and elevated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (>0.706), in comparison with the basalts (0.704–0.706). Geological observations reveal that pyroclastic rocks play a significant role at the initial stage of volcanic activity. The main result of this study is that tuffs from the Korvunchansky and Khakanchansky Formations (in the south and north of the province, respectively) are identical in their geochemical characteristics. This similarity suggests the existence of a single pyroclastic cover, closed in composition to Lower crust, over the Siberian platform. These pyroclastic rocks mark the beginning of trap magmatism in the Siberian province, rather than picrites, as suggested by the plume model.

The Siberian Traps has been a reference object for geologists for many years in understanding the origin of Large Igneous Provinces on Earth. Data from high-magnesium rocks in its northern region have traditionally been used to create genetic models. However, the central and southern parts, consisting of the basaltic rocks, remain significantly unexplored, despite their important role in volcanic evolution within the province. This article presents new structural, mineralogical, and geochemical data from the tuff-lava sequence in the central region of the Tunguska syneclise. The studied sections are located along the Lower Tunguska River Valley, near Tura, Babkino, and Vanavara, in the Podkamennaya Tunguska Valley. They consist of pyroclastic rocks belonging to the Korvunchansky Formation, which are overlain by basalts and tuffs of the Nidymsky and Kochechumsky Formations (Early Triassic, 251 Ma). Major and trace element analysis of 64 samples shows that basalts from all formations are relatively similar in composition, belonging to the tholeiite type with MgO concentrations ranging from 4.2% to 7.8%. Trace element patterns exhibit negative Ta-Nb anomalies and positive Pb anomalies, which are typical of the Siberian Platform basalts. Tuffs, on the other hand, differ from the basalts by having higher SiO₂ and K₂O contents and steeper rare earth element (REE) patterns. Isotopic analysis (Sr-Nd) confirms this difference and suggests that basalts and tuffs originated from two distinct magma sources. The Nidymsky basalts have positive εNd values (+2.21 to +3.10), similar to those of the Morongovsky and Mokulaevsky basalts in the Norilsk area. Tuffs, on the other hand, exhibit negative εNd (-1.33 to -4.5) and elevated 87Sr/86Sr (>0.706), in comparison with basalts (0.704-0.706). Geological observations reveal that pyroclastic rocks play a significant role in the initial stages of volcanic activity. The main result of this study is that tuffs from the Korvunchansky and Khakanchansky Formations (in the south and north of the region, respectively) are identical in their geochemical characteristics. This similarity suggests the existence of a single pyroclastic cover over the Siberian Platform. These tholeiitic pyroclastic rocks, which are similar in composition to the lower crust, mark the beginning of trap magmatism, rather than picrites, as suggested by the plume model.

Mining activities have long-term impacts on the environment even after the active stage. Historical mines developed in the 19th and 20th centuries for tin, copper, and mainly iron ore are located in the Pitkäranta area (Karelia, Russia). These objects are considered in our research as natural–anthropogenic sites of long-term water–rock interaction. Waters from flooded mines are the subject of this research. Redox conditions, pH, dissolved oxygen content, conductivity, and water temperature were determined during field work. The chemical composition of natural waters was determined by ICP-MS, ICP-AES, ion chromatography, potentiometric titration, and spectrophotometry. Our investigation showed that the mine waters are fresh and predominantly calcium–magnesium hydrocarbonate; most samples showed elevated sulfate ion contents. Circumneutral pH values and the absence of extremely high concentrations of heavy metals indicate neutral mine drainage. However the calculation of the accumulation coefficient showed the highest levels for siderophile elements relative to the corresponding data of the geochemical regional background. Moreover, zinc has the highest content in the series of heavy metal(loid)s considered. The maximum concentration of zinc was determined in the water of one of the shafts of the Lupikko mine, i.e., 5205 µg/L. The accumulation of heavy metals occurs in the process of long-term interaction of water–rock–organic matter under conductive redox conditions. Overall, the research highlighted the relevance of investigating the geochemistry of historical mines in the Pitkäranta area both from the perspective of environmental safety and the preservation of mining sites for scientific and educational purposes.

The speciation of chemical elements in the waters and its dependence on the dissolved organic matter were studied by a complex of methods, involving thermodynamic calculations and experimental fractionation. The waters were studied at the abandoned and flooded Herberz Mine in the Pitkäranta district, Karelia, Russia. The regional natural waters are typically highly humified. In combination with the unique metallogeny of the rocks, this makes the mine suitable for solving the formulated problems. The eastern shaft of the Herberz Mine was sampled to a depth of 20 m to trance the changes induced by changes in the redox conditions. One of the geochemical characteristics of the waters is their relatively high concentrations of trace elements and a low salinity (TDS, total dissolved solids). All water samples from the Herberz Mine contain elevated concentrations of Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, As, and W. Experimental fractionation and thermodynamic simulations of the speciation of chemical elements led us to identify metals whose accumulation most strongly depends on organic matter (OM). Both methods have demonstrated that U, Th, Cu, Ni, and Y show a high chemical affinity to OM. Metals (Cd and Fe) weakly bonded to the functional groups of natural OM, with the predominance of electrostatic bonding and a higher proportion of carboxyl bonds, are most susceptible to transformations with changes in geochemical conditions.

New data on dikes of rare metal topaz–“zinnwaldite” granites of the Salmi anorthosite–rapakivigranite complex are presented. The U–Pb (ID-TIMS) isotopic age of Ta–Nb mineralization: the columbite-(Fe)–tantalite-(Fe) series and tapiolite is 1541 ± 2.5 Ma. Conclusions are given on the age limitations of associated rocks, intersected by analogous dikes, and the discreteness of the rare-metal magmatism manifestation in the studied area.

In the mining industry, one of the principal issues is the management of the waste generated during ore concentration, which represents a potential source of environmental pollution. The most acute issue originates from the mining heritage in the form of dumps formed of mining tailings that were created before the introduction of waste storage standards and may be located in urban areas. This research investigated this problem using the example of the tailings dump “Krasnaya Glinka”, located in a residential area of Pitkäranta (Karelia, Russia) in close proximity to the shoreline of Lake Ladoga. A complex approach, including the investigation of the natural water of the study area and tailings material and an experiment simulating the interaction of this material with atmospheric precipitation, allowed us to obtain the first data on the current status of the tailings dump and its surroundings and to identify environmental pollutants. This research used XRF, XRD, and EPMA analytical methods for assaying the tailings materials obtained from the dump and ion chromatography, potentiometric titration, ICP-MS, and AES for the water samples. The results show the influence of the tailings dump’s materials on the formation of the environmental impact—in the water from the area of the tailings dump, increased concentrations of chalcophilic elements are observed, for example, Zn up to 5028 µg/L. Based on this study of the tailings dump’s materials and the conducted experiment, an attempt is made to connect the chemical compositions shown in the natural water data with the specific mineral phases and processes occurring during supergene transformations in the tailings storage. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that despite more than 100 years of exposure of the tailings materials under natural factors, mostly atmospheric precipitation, equilibrium with the environment has not come. The processes of extracting toxic elements and carcinogenic mineral phases into the environment are continuing. In the process of studying the tailings materials, it was found that they are probably of economic interest as a technogenic source of W and Sn due to the contents of these components exceeding industrially significant values in the exploited fields.

The origin of the anorthosite-rapakivi granite-bearing rock complexes was a topic of research for geologists for more than a century. Magmatic systems that produce these complexes were widely developed in the Precambrian and have no direct analogues in modern times. The main goal of this study was to characterize the conditions under which primitive granitoids formed and to shed light on the history of ore matter transport during these stages. The object of the research was granite porphyry dikes—a subeffusive analogue of rapakivi granite from the Salmi batholith in the Fennoscandian Shield. Characteristic solid-phase inclusions of a mineral paragenesis of mafic rocks, as well as inclusions of sulfide melts, were found in zircon from this type of rock. These sulfide inclusions were homogenized by heating, and subsequently, the trace element composition was determined by the LA-ICP-MS method. The geochemistry of zircons was studied by the SIMS method, and the temperature of their formation was determined using a Ti-geothermometer. The temperature of the studied zircon grain formation varied from 925 to 765 °C. The values of ƒO2 for the early stages of the rock formation were in the region below the boundary of the FMQ buffer. The presence of two sulfide melts at the time at which the sulfide inclusions were captured by the zircon, pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite, and sphalerite-chalcopyrite compositions was established. The capture of sulfide inclusions from the pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite composition occurred above 841 °C, while in sphalerite-chalcopyrite, they occurred at a lower temperature of 765 °C. The connection between the formation of granite porphyry with mafic melts that form rocks of the gabbro and anorthosite types was established.

Link for citation: Sidkina E.S., Toropov A.S., Konyshev A.A. Geochemical features of natural water of building stone quarries in Pitkäranta area (Karelia). Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Аssets Engineering, 2023, vol. 334, no. 4, рр.7-21. In Rus. The relevance of the research is related to the need for a regional assessment of the impact of the building stone deposits development on the natural waters of the Northern Ladoga region. The study area is part of the Ladoga Lake catchment basin, the preservation of the superior water quality is a crucial issue. Currently, the lake resources are used in household and industrial water supply, as well as in fish farms and agriculture. The main aim of the research is to investigate the chemical composition and identify the main features of the behavior of chemical elements in the natural waters of building stone quarries. Objects: natural waters and rocks of building stone quarries in the Pitkäranta area of the Republic of Karelia. Methods. Water chemistry analyzed by means for a set of methods: potentiometric titration, ion chromatography, atomic emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The mineral composition of the rocks was determined using an electron microscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The mobility of chemical elements was assessed by coefficients of water migration (Kx) according to A.I. Perelman. The speciation of chemical elements in natural waters were calculated using the HCh software package. Results. The considered waters are fresh neutral or slightly alkaline with HCO3 Ca, SO4-HCO3 Na-Ca or HCO3 Na-Ca types. An analysis of a wide range of chemical elements made it possible to determine that S, Ca, Mg, As, Mo, U, Re have the highest mobility in the studied waters. The sources of easily mobile and mobile metals are sulfide minerals and feldspars. According to the thermodynamic calculations dominating species for Zn, Cd, Ni, Co, Sr, Rb, Ba, and Cs are ionic species, for Cu are carbonate species, and for Pb are carbonate and hydroxyl species. The main species of U are carbonate complexes. The water of Ladoga Lake differs in lower salinity and pH value from quarry waters, lower metal contents, which are more typical of being in ionic species. The coefficients of water migration are similar in the studied samples. However, the Kx elements curve of Ladoga Lake is different from the quarry ones. It causes due to the overlap of a number of factors and processes that form the water chemistry of such a large lake. Quarry waters are characterized by enrichment with some trace elements, especially U, Li, Mo, Re, as interaction time and the rock-water ratio increase. Ссылка для цитирования: Сидкина Е.С., Торопов А.С., Конышев А.А. Геохимические особенности природных вод карьеров строительного камня Питкярантского района (Карелия)// Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. – 2023. – Т. 334. – № 4. – С.7-21. Актуальность исследования связана с важностью региональной оценки воздействия разработки месторождений строительного камня на природные воды северного Приладожья. Сохранение высокого качества воды Ладожского озера, в площадь водосбора которого входит район исследований, является критически важной задачей ввиду активного использования ресурсов озера в хозяйственно-бытовом и производственном водоснабжении, а также рыболовстве, сельском хозяйстве. Цель: изучить химический состав и выявить основные особенности поведения химических элементов в природных водах карьеров строительного камня. Объекты: природные воды и горные породы карьеров строительного камня Питкярантского района Республики Карелия. Методы. Химический состав природных вод определяли с помощью набора методов: потенциометрическое титрование, ионная хроматография, атомно-эмиссионная спектрометрия и масс-спектрометрия. Минеральный состав пород определен с помощью электронной микроскопии и порошковой рентгеновской дифракции. Оценка подвижности химических элементов проводилась по коэффициентам водной миграции (Kx) по А.И. Перельману. Формы нахождения химических элементов в природных водах рассчитаны в программном комплексе HCh. Результаты. Все изученные воды являются пресными нейтральными или слабощелочными HCO3 Ca, SO4-HCO3 Na-Ca или HCO3 Na-Ca. Анализ широкого спектра химических элементов позволил определить, что наибольшей подвижностью в рассматриваемых водах обладают S, Ca, Mg, As, Mo, U, Re. К легко подвижным и подвижным относятся металлы, источниками...