Wei Gao

Risk assessment and management of an individual landslide is the focus and difficulty. This paper analyzes the landslide losses in China from 1995 to 2018, combined with the ALARP approach, to research the risk acceptable model of landslide in China. Meanwhile, the Shiyantan landslide in Mayang county of Hunan Province is exemplified to quantitatively calculate the landslide risks under different conditions, and based on the risk acceptance level to judge whether the risk value is acceptable. The results show that the individual life risk acceptable criteria for Chinese landslide is 5.36 × 10⁻⁶/a, the upper and lower limits of the societal life risk (F-N curve) are 10⁻⁷/a and 10⁻⁸/a, the societal economic risk (F-D curve) are 10⁻¹/a and 10⁻³/a. In addition, for the risk assessment of Shiyantan landslide, it is shown that the landslide may be damaged under extreme rainfall conditions. Its economic risk is tolerable risk and life risk is unacceptable risk. It is urgent to formulate relevant measures to mitigate the risk. The results can provide a reference for risk assessment and management conducted in other regions and offer a theoretical basis for early warning and forecast of landslide.

The fracability of shale reservoirs is one of the key indicators used for evaluating whether or not the shale can be used as a “sweet spot zone.” It has been determined that the structural properties of rock have important influences on the evaluation of the fracability of reservoirs. In the current study, five rock quality designation (RQD) calculation methods were compared and analyzed for the purpose of selecting an RQD_I for characterizing rock structures. Focused on the lack of structural factors included in the previous fracability evaluation methods, a new model for fracability evaluation based on the combination of the brittleness index, structural index, and fracture toughness was constructed using a linear elastic fracture theory. The model showed that good fracability not only included higher brittleness but also required less energy to produce cracks. Meanwhile, good fracability also required more discontinuous structural planes. In the current study, a formation with a higher fracability index was considered to be a fractureable interval and a formation with a lower fracability index was a fracture barrier. Finally, the reservoir fracability index was modeled using the Xike 2 well in the north of Guizhou Province as a case study. Subsequently, a fracability logging evaluation method based on the fracability index model was determined, which will potentially provide a new technical tool for future fracturing optimization processes.

The properties of brittle minerals have great effect on the morphology of postfracturing network in shale reservoirs in the southeastern Ordos Basin, China. In order to study the effect of brittle mineral size distributions on the fracture parameters, the concrete cubes of 300 mm × 300 mm × 300 mm in size with four distinct brittle mineral sizes of 2.36 mm, 0.425 mm, 0.15 mm, and 0.075 mm were investigated under large-sized triaxial hydraulic fracturing test. The effect mechanism of aggregate on the fracture properties of shale was studied using ultrasonic technique, photosensitive electron microscope, and numerical simulation. The test results obtained for each specimen (both disturbed and undisturbed conditions) indicate that brittle mineral size has significant effect on the fracture extension. The tensile strength, fracture toughness, and fracture pressure were found to decrease with a decrease in maximum brittle mineral size when the maximum brittle mineral size is smaller than 0.425 mm. In addition to this, the degree of attenuation difference also follows the similar trend. Observed fracture morphology reveals that with an increase in maximum size of brittle mineral specimen, the tortuous and complicated cracking path generation increases. These findings would be very helpful in order to better understand the behavior of shale under hydraulic fracturing test.