I. Made Sudiana

Biogeographical reconstructions of the Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) have suggested a recent spread across the Sunda and Sahul shelves of lineages with diverse origins, which appears to be congruent with a geological history of recent tectonic uplift in the region. However, this scenario is challenged by new geological evidence suggesting that the Sunda shelf was never submerged prior to the Pliocene, casting doubt on the interpretation of recent uplift and the correspondence of evidence from biogeography and geology. A mismatch between geological and biogeographical data may occur if analyses ignore the dynamics of extinct lineages, because this may add uncertainty to the timing and origin of clades in biogeographical reconstructions. We revisit the historical biogeography of multiple IAA taxa and explicitly allow for the possibility of lineage extinction. In contrast to models assuming zero extinction, we find that all of these clades, including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates, have a common and widespread geographic origin, and each has spread and colonized the region much earlier than previously thought. The results for the eight clades re-examined in this article suggest that they diversified and spread during the early Eocene, which helps to unify the geological and biological histories of IAA.

An eruption of Merapi Volcano affected the established soil ecosystem. Succession process will recover the disrupted soil ecosystem. Soil microbial community is known as the first agent for the succession. They play essential roles to construct the micro-habitat by contributing the ecosystem recovery in nutrient cycling and subsequently initiating the plants-microbes interaction. Since the soil microbial community and its functional profiles become a response to the reestablishment process, their structure community is essential to be understood. This study was addressed to describe the soil microbial community in particular of the presence of plant communities after the eruption and to find out the functional profiles through its community. Using the 16S metagenomic culture-independent analysis, we examined the soil samples of Merapi Volcano after an eruption in three types of soil samples including soil without plants (SC), soil covered with shrubs (LP), and soil covered with high plants (HP). As a result, we obtained that the establishment following the presence of plant community type delineating the pattern diversity value increasingly from SC to LP then HC with Proteobacteria as a prominent Phylum. The presence of the plant community suggested that plants-microbes interaction constructed the establishment of microbial community structure where the microbial community in SC led the nitrogen metabolism than other soil samples due to the annotated nifH gene abundance. Therefore, we assumed that the microbial community in soil without plants is the early recovery stage and the plant community for establishing the micro-habitat after the volcano eruption.

Sudiana A, Putri A, Napitupulu TP, Purnaningsih I, Idris, Kanti A. 2020. Growth inhibition of Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum by Streptomyces sasae TG01, and its ability to solubilize insoluble phosphate. Biodiversitas 21: 429-435. Actinomycetes have been widely explored for new antibiotic production, but not many studies explore its abilities to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi and solubilize insoluble phosphate hence stimulate the growth of plants. We isolated Actinomycetes from the soil. Based on morphology, physiology, and 16S rDNA analyses, the isolate is closely related to Streptomyces sasae. The strain was able to inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic fungi Fusarium solani, and Fusarium oxysporum. S. sasae produced secondary metabolites 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane as the major constituent. The strain assimilated variable carbon sources include L-arabinose, D-fructose, D-glucose, D-mannitol, Lactose, raffinose, L-rhamnose, and sucrose. The strain grew at pH 6.0 to 8.0, and at salinity (1-3%). Their growth was affected by the salinity level. The strain solubilized Ca-P at 1-3% salinity, but their ability to solubilize phosphate was influenced by salinity. The strain was also able to solubilize rock phosphate. Their ability to solubilize less soluble phosphate and inhibit the growth of F. solani and F. oxysporum may imply that this strain is potential for biocontrol agents. The 16S rRNA gene was submitted to DDBJ with the entry number 5df623c1a3c8820021322a36.TG01, and the accession number is LC514451.

Large amount of palm mill effluent is generated annually. The waste would be potential for production of single cell oils (SCOs). The objective of study was to evaluate the lipid accumulation by fungi using palm mill effluent as substrate. To obtain most potential strains for lipid accumulation, seven filamentous fungi isolated from various biomes were evaluated for their ability to produce endoglucanase, and its lipid accumulation. Fungal hypae grown on palm oil mill effluent accumulated lipid of 34,3-87,5 of their dry cell mass. The profile of transesterified SCOs revealed a high content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids i.e., palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids similar to conventional vegetable oils used for biodiesel production. The strain was able to use organic substrates in POME implies that they are promising strain for biofuel feed stock as well as for meeting effluent quality for wastewater discharge.

Large amount of palm mill effluent is generated annually. The waste would be potential for production of single cell oils (SCOs). The objective of study was to evaluate the lipid accumulation by fungi using palm mill effluent as substrate. To obtain most potential strains for lipid accumulation, seven filamentous fungi isolated from various biomes were evaluated for their ability to produce endoglucanase, and its lipid accumulation. Fungal hypae grown on palm oil mill effluent accumulated lipid of 34,3-87,5 of their dry cell mass. The profile of transesterified SCOs revealed a high content of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids i.e., palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic (C18:1) acids similar to conventional vegetable oils used for biodiesel production. The strain was able to use organic substrates in POME implies that they are promising strain for biofuel feed stock as well as for meeting effluent quality for wastewater discharge.