Qunyi Liu

Environmental pollution caused by lead toxicity causes harm to human health. Lead pollution in the environment mainly comes from the processes of mining, processing, production, use, and recovery of lead. China is the world’s largest producer and consumer of refined lead. In this paper, the material flow analysis method is used to analyze the flow and direction of lead loss in four stages of lead production, manufacturing, use, and waste management in China from 1949 to 2017. The proportion coefficient of lead compounds in each stage of lead loss was determined. The categories and quantities of lead compounds discharged in each stage were calculated. The results show that in 2017, China emitted 2.1519 million tons of lead compounds. In the four stages of production, manufacturing, use, and waste management, 137.9 kilo tons, 209 kilo tons, 275 kilo tons, and 1.53 million tons were respectively discharged. The emissions in the production stage are PbS, PbO, PbSO₄, PbO₂, Pb₂O₃, and more. The emissions during the manufacturing phase are Pb, PbO, PbSO₄, Pb₂O₃, Pb₃O₄, and more. The main emissions are Pb, PbO, Pb₂O₃, Pb₃O₄, and more. The main emissions in the waste management stage are PbS, Pb, PbO, PbSO₄, PbO₂, PbCO₃, Pb₂O₃, Pb₃O₄, and more. Among them, the emissions of PbSO₄, PbO, Pb, and PbO₂ account for about 90%, which are the main environmental pollution emissions. The waste management stage is an important control source of lead compound emission and pollution. In view of these characteristics of the environmental pollution risk of lead compounds in China, the government should issue more targeted policies to control lead pollution.

Due to the rapid economic development in China, the conflict between the increasing traditional energy consumption and the severe environmental threats is more and more serious. To ease the situation, greater use of wind energy in China could be the solution for energy conservation and sustainable environment in the long run. This paper describes the presentation of wind power in China, which covers distribution, bases, installed capacity, power generation from the spatial perspective and the environmental benefit. In addition, grey model (GM(1,1) ) and scenario analysis are employed to forecast the installed capacity in China from 2017 to 2025, then the evaluation of two methods is presented. By this research, the results are shown as the following: (1) the North region has great wind energy with 2500–3000 giga watt (GW) and the offshore wind energy in the Southeast is abundant; (2) the Inner Mongolia base located in North China makes a great contribution to wind power as well as having great potential for wind power development with the potential of 1300 GW; (3) the growth rate of installed capacity and wind power generation in China is declining with 100% in 2006 to 30% in 2015, 107% in 2009 to 17% in 2015, respectively; (4) the “three North” region has made a great contribution to current installed capacity and wind power generation with 74% and 71%, respectively; (5) wind power has significant environmental benefits with coal reduction of 23,887 × 10⁴ tce, CO₂ reduction of 66,854 × 10⁴ tons and SO₂ reduction of 173 × 10⁴ tons in total from 2008 to 2015; (6) the installed capacity in China from 2017 to 2025 is predicted utilizing a GM(1,1) model with 38,311.1810 × 10³ GW in 2025, while, with a scenario analysis, the installed capacity will reach up to 40,000 × 10³ GW in 2025 under the high GDP growth rate and 29,000 × 10³ GW in 2025 under the low GDP growth rate, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that China has a solid foundation for the wind power development due to its abundant wind resources and great potential for wind power. Furthermore, the sustainable development can be guaranteed, and reduction in energy usage as well as emissions can be achieved by promoting wind power widely and effectively.

This article measured the reasonable scale of copper resource land reserves in China using the safety stock theory based on the commodity safety stock theory and analyzed the reasonable scale under different circumstances. In combination with the current situation and future development trend of China’s copper industry and through analysis, the appropriate scale of copper resource land reserves in China is between 5–6 million tons for future use. The analytic hierarchy process is used to establish the evaluation model of the spatial layout of copper resource land reserves and make a comprehensive evaluation of mineral resource land reserves in 30 provinces (cities and districts). The study shows that among these provinces, Yunnan, Jiangxi, Inner Mongolia, Anhui, and Gansu contain the most amount of copper resource land reserves. Therefore, copper mines (deposits) in these five provinces (regions) can be selected and included in the mineral resource land reserve plan. Tibet and Xinjiang have huge copper reserves and good prospecting potential, but some mines in such provinces cannot be used because the natural conditions are unfavorable. Therefore, appropriate copper mines (deposits) should be selected and included in the long-term mineral resource land reserve plan