Paola Ciciola

Background: Severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) is associated with acute pancreatitis, metabolic dysfunction, and increased cardiovascular risk. Its genetic architecture ranges from rare biallelic variants causing familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) to more prevalent polygenic or multifactorial chylomicronemia syndromes (MCS). Methods: We systematically reviewed scientific literature up to 2025 for studies reporting genetic data, clinical features, or therapeutic outcomes in adults with triglycerides (TG) ≥ 500 mg/dL. Extracted data were synthesized for genotype, polygenic risk score (PRS), TG levels, metabolic comorbidities, hepatic steatosis, pancreatitis, and treatment response. Results: Ten studies (n = 2521) were included. FCS due to biallelic LPL, APOC2, GPIHBP1, or LMF1 variants accounted for 2800 mg/dL) with pancreatitis prevalence (>70%). APOA5, APOC3, and APOB variants were associated with intermediate TG levels and high rates of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Polygenic hypertriglyceridemia represented ~70–80% of cases, with TG ≈ 2200 mg/dL and pancreatitis prevalence 15–20%, largely modulated by metabolic triggers. MASLD was present in >70% of polygenic cases, supporting a “two-hit” model where hepatic overproduction of TG-rich lipoproteins amplifies TG excess. Interventional trials demonstrated TG reductions with APOC3 antisense therapy (70–80%) and ANGPTL3 inhibition (50–55%), while GLP-1RA significantly reduced hepatic fat (30–35%) and resolved NASH in up to 59% of patients. Conclusions: SHTG displays a genotype–phenotype gradient: FCS is linked to recurrent pancreatitis, whereas polygenic/MCS forms are closely associated with MASLD and metabolic dysfunction. These findings support a precision-medicine approach integrating genetic testing and PRS-guided strategies—prioritizing APOC3/ANGPTL3 inhibitors for FCS and combined TG-lowering plus metabolic therapies for MCS—to reduce pancreatitis recurrence and liver disease.

Two series of N-(aryl)-1-(hydroxyalkyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamides (2a–2g and 3a–3g) and 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles (5a–5h and 8a–8h) were synthesized. All the compounds, containing a lipophilic tail and a polar headgroup, were evaluated as sphingosine kinase (SphK) inhibitors by assessing their ability to interfere with the acetylcholine (Ach) induced relaxation of aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine. Moreover, their antiproliferative activity was tested on several cell lines expressing both SphK1 and SphK2. Compounds 5h and 8f, identified as the most efficient antiproliferative agents, showed a different selectivity profile, with 8f being selective for SphK1.