Lijuan Wang

This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the associations between the 24-h movement behaviors and mental health among university students in China, and

Background: The purpose of this study is to explore the association between class-level factors, such as lesson start time, class size, lesson location, PE content, and PE context, and student engagement in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) during PE lessons in both elementary and middle schools. Methods: A total of 284 PE lessons from ten schools in Shanghai, Eastern China, were included in the study. Students’ MVPA during PE lessons was recorded using accelerometry, and lesson context was evaluated using the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). Mixed linear regression analysis was applied to assess the association between class-level factors and MVPA during elementary and middle school PE lessons. Results: Students in elementary school spent 40.3 ± 8.1% of PE lesson time in MVPA, while middle school students spent 40.5 ± 7.1%. Significant relationships were found between MVPA and class-level factors like lesson location, PE content, and PE context. Specifically, elementary school students recorded a higher percentage of MVPA during lessons with team games, individual games, individual activities, and more time spent on skill practice and game play context. In middle schools, higher MVPA was connected to outdoor lessons, a focus on individual games, and more time devoted to fitness context. Conclusions: Class-level factors may affect students’ MVPA differently depending on the school level, and these modifiable factors should be targeted to increase MVPA time in elementary and middle school PE classes. Future studies should investigate ways to modify these factors, strategically plan lesson time across different contexts, and optimizing PE content to boost MVPA in PE lessons.

Background/Purpose: Time-use estimates are commonly utilized for describing 24-hour movement behaviors. Nonetheless, the average acceleration (AvAcc), intensity gradient (IG) and the most active X minutes (MX metrics) have been proposed as 24-hour movement behaviors novel metrics describing the volume of activity, the intensity distribution and the most active time periods of the 24-h cycle. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine associations between 24-h accelerometer-derived metrics and health-related physical fitness in Chinese adolescents. Methods: This study recruited 240 students aged 12-18 (143 males, 97 females) from a middle school in Haizhu District, Guangzhou City. The data collection period was from March to May 2023. Participants wore ActiGraph wGT3X-BT triaxial accelerometers on their non-dominant wrist continuously for 7 days to assess physical activity, with removal allowed only during bathing and swimming. Data were sampled at 1-second intervals with a frequency of 30Hz, with at least 2 school days and 1 weekend day (worn for ≥16 hours per day) considered as valid data. The raw accelerometer data were processed using the GGIR package in R software. Health-related physical fitness was assessed using four FitnessGram tests, which included evaluations of cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness, flexibility, and body composition. Multiple linear regression models were performed to predict the association between 24-h accelerometer-derived metrics and health-related physical fitness after adjusting for age, sex and accelerometer wear time. Results: The mean value of average acceleration was 27.94 mg, and the mean value of intensity gradient was -2.20. Among the four fitness indicators, only cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly correlated with intensity gradient (p = 0.013, p < 0.05), as well as with the most active 1, 2, and 5 min (p = 0.042, p = 0.034, p = 0.017, p < 0.05). No significant correlations were found with the other indicators. Conclusions: Overall, the novel 24-hour activity metrics play a crucial role in health-related physical fitness, particularly in the relationship between intensity gradient and cardiorespiratory fitness. It is necessary to take measures in the future to improve adolescents' health-related physical fitness by providing activity intensities to enhance cardiorespiratory fitness.

Objective: The increase in sedentary behavior in children has become a worldwide public health problem. This study aimed to explore the associations of volume and accumulation patterns of sedentary behavior with physical fitness among elementary school students. Methods: A cluster sampling method was used to select students from grades 1–5 in Jinhua, Zhejiang province. Accelerometers were used to assess sedentary volume, duration of sedentary bouts (1-4 minutes, 5-9 minutes, 10-19 minutes and ≥20 minutes), and duration of sedentary breaks (1-4 minutes, 5-9 minutes and ≥10 minutes). The scores and good-excellent rate of physical fitness were calculated according to the "National Student Physical Health Standards (Revised in 2014)". Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between volume, accumulation patterns of sedentary behavior and students' physical fitness. Results: A total of 307 participants (mean age 8.5 years) were included in the statistical analysis. The score and the rate of good-excellent of physical fitness were 78.1 and 38.5%. The students spent 139.5min (64.9%) in the classroom time. The highest proportions of sedentary bouts of 1-19 minutes (46.7%) and breaks of 1-4 minutes (17.2%) indicate a fragmented and intermittent characteristic in the classroom. There were significant sex and grade differences in sedentary behavior accumulation patterns. Boys were more active than girls in the classroom, while second graders were the most active and fifth graders accumulated the most sedentary time. After adjusting for covariates, sedentary bouts of 5-9 minutes were a protective factor for physical health (odds ratio (OR)=3.118; 95%CI:1.271, 7.649), and the OR was 28.1% higher for each percentage point increase. The sedentary bout of ≥20 minutes was a risk factor for physical health (OR=0.430; 95%CI:0.223, 0.827), and the OR of not good-excellent physical fitness standard was 23.1% lower for every one percentage point increase. There was no significant correlations between the sedentary volume, the duration of the sedentary break, and physical health (P＞0.05). Conclusion: Reducing the duration of sedentary bouts in the classroom may be more important for health of children than reducing total sedentary time. It is recommended to consider the teaching mode and the physical and mental characteristics of elementary school students, and reasonable interruptions should be made in classrooms. Teachers can interrupt prolonged sitting every 10 minutes with varying duration of breaks, to avoid students sitting for more than 20 minutes during class time. School-based interventions are needed to verify the findings of this study.

Purpose: This review systematically summarizes the studies of the relationship between primary-to-secondary school students’ motor skills and academic achievement, and analyzes the relationship between gross and fine motor skills and performance in different subjects. Method: Five electronic databases, Web Of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and Academic Search Premier, were searched in March 2023. Semi-quantitative assessment methods were used to analyze the results of the included studies. Results: Seventy-eight articles were included in this systematic review. The semi-quantitative assessment results showed that gross (+, 65.0/62.5%) and fine motor skills (+, 83.3/80%) were positively correlated with overall performance and language performance, with ≥60% of the associations in the same direction. For different subjects, fine motor skills were positively correlated with students’ mathematics (+, 75.0%), reading (+, 72.7%), writing (+, 66.7%), and spelling (+, 60.0%) scores. However, the association between gross motor skills and students’ mathematics achievement (?, 52.8%), reading (?, 53.8%), and spelling (?, 50.0%) is uncertain, with <60% of the associations in the same direction. Conclusions: It is wise to direct our gaze toward the evolution of motor skills among students, especially primary school students. Different motor skill intervention modes should be selected in a targeted manner according to different subject achievements.

Although research supports the feasibility and reliability of health-related physical fitness (HRPF) tests in typically developing children and adolescents, little is known regarding the feasibility and reliability of these tests for those with hearing impairments (HI). The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of a HRPF test battery for children and adolescents with HI. A test–retest design with a one-week interval was conducted with 26 participants with HI (mean age: 12.7 ± 2.8 years; 9 male). The feasibility and reliability of seven field-based HRPF tests (i.e., body mass index, grip strength, standing long jump, vital capacity, long distance run, sit-and-reach, one leg stand) were evaluated. All the tests showed high feasibility (completion rate > 90%). Six tests indicated good to excellent test–retest reliability (all intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] > 0.75) while the one leg stand test showed poor reliability (ICC = 0.36). Relatively large percentages of standard error of measurement (SEM%) and minimal detectable change (MDC%) were observed in the sit-and-reach test (SEM% = 52.4%, MDC% = 145.2%) and one leg stand test (SEM% = 107.9%, MDC% = 299.2%), whereas the rest of the tests demonstrated reasonable SEM% and MDC% values. Collectively, most of the tests can be feasibly and reliably used to assess HRPF for children and adolescents with HI.

Integrative data analysis (IDA) jointly models participant-level data from multiple studies. In psychology, IDA has been conducted using different fixed-effects and multilevel modeling (MLM) approaches. However, evaluations regarding the performance of these models in an IDA context are limited. The goal of this article is to evaluate three fixed-effects models (aggregated vs. disaggregated vs. study-specific coefficients regressions) and two MLMs (fixed-slope vs. random-slopes MLM) for cross-sectional IDA. Using a simulation study with study sample sizes and numbers of studies consistent with applied IDA (e.g., two to 35 studies), we evaluated estimation bias and type I error rates for participant-level and study-level effects and variance components for these models; for the MLMs, we evaluated different estimation methods (i.e., constrained vs. unconstrained variance estimation and five degrees of freedom methods). Disaggregated and study-specific coefficients regressions and both MLMs yielded fixed effects estimates with ignorable bias, but only the random-slopes MLM fully modeled between-study heterogeneity and, consequently, provided well-controlled type I error rates for testing both fixed effects. Overall, we found that MLMs could be feasible under IDA conditions with three to six studies and well-chosen estimation methods. A real-data IDA example is used to illustrate and compare the application of the five models. We hope our results will help researchers choose appropriate modeling methods when conducting IDA. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Background and objective: The high prevalence of obesity is a serious problem, and sleep is considered to be a factor for obesity. This study aimed to examine the relationship between sleep duration, sleep quality, and weight status among children and adolescents in China and to explore whether the relationship between sleep duration and weight status is independent of sleep quality. Sex and age differences were also explored. Methods: A cross-sectional research was conducted among 2019 children and adolescents (1029 boys and 990 girls) aged 8–16 years in Shanghai. An open-question was used to obtain data on sleep duration, which was categorized into the following four groups based on the age-specific National Sleep Foundation Sleep Duration Recommendations: 1) very short, 2) short, 3) recommended, and 4) long. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to assess sleep quality. Weight and height were measured for all participants. The variable weight status was estimated with the Chinese children and adolescent age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) and was categorized into overweight/obesity and normal weight. Results: Short sleep duration (7–8 and 6–7 h for 6–13 and 14–16 years old, respectively) significantly increased odds of overweight/obesity (OR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.06–1.64) compared with that of the recommended sleep duration (9–11 and 8–10 h for 6–13 and 14–16 years old, respectively). The relationship between the two variables existed independent of sleep quality. No significant relationship was found between sleep quality and overweight/obesity of children and adolescents. Sleep quality (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.14) and short sleep duration (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.13) increased the risk for overweight/obesity among girls, whereas no significant relationships between sleep duration, sleep quality, and overweight/obesity were found among boys. Short sleep duration increased the risk of overweight/obesity in children aged 8–13 years (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.05–1.71), independent of sleep quality, but no significant relationships between these two variables existed for adolescents aged 14–16 years. Conclusions: Overall, short sleep duration increased the risks of overweight/obesity in children and adolescents in China, independent of sleep quality. This relationship is significant for girls and children aged 8–13 years instead of boys and adolescents aged 14–16 years. Interventions to extend the sleep duration of children and adolescents, especially girls and children aged 8–13 years in China, are necessary to improve their weight status.