Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

A sensitive and efficient analytical method based on dispersive micro solid phase extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection was developed.

Triazine herbicides are widely used agricultural chemicals with high environmental persistence and potential ecotoxicological hazards, necessitating sensitive, precise, and cost-effective analytical methods for their monitoring in water matrices.

Herein, a deep eutectic solvent-based stir-bar hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction method has been developed and validated for the extraction of quinolone antibiotics from egg samples.

A new extraction procedure was developed by preparing a cylinder gel composed of agarose, glycerol, and a hydrophobic ionic liquid.

In this research, a hybrid sorbent known as QDs@ZIF-8, a composite of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and quantum dots, was synthesized and utilized for extracting Ni( ii ) and Co( ii ) ions from water and fruit juice samples.

A dispersive micro solid‐phase extraction method was introduced using a Schiff base‐UiO66 nanocomposite as the adsorbent in the extraction of multi‐class pesticide residues in pear, cherry, grape, and apricot juices. The extraction procedure was hyphenated with a liquid‐phase microextraction procedure, providing a high preconcentration factor and sensitive detection limit. During the extraction procedure, a small amount of the sorbent was added to the sample solution and dispersed via vortexing. Then, the sorbent particles were separated, and the adsorbed analytes were eluted by an appropriate water‐miscible organic solvent, which was subsequently used for the preconcentration of the analytes in the following microextraction step. Gas chromatography‐flame ionisation detector was utilised as a determination system. All effective factors were evaluated to obtain their optimum values, and then the method was validated. Low limits of detection (0.13–0.27 ng mL ⁻¹ ) and low limits of quantification (0.43–0.89 ng mL ⁻¹ ), acceptable extraction recoveries (59%–71%), high enrichment factors (295–355) and good relative standard deviations (≤10.1%) were the advantages of the method. Fortunately, application of the method on the studied samples showed that the fruit juices were free of the analytes.

BACKGROUND: In this study, an efficient sample preparation method was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from smoke‐infused milled rice samples, using a homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction technique. In a conical‐bottom glass test tube, a standard solution of the target analytes was added, followed by a few microliters of 1,2‐dibromoethane and toluene. The mixture was vortexed to form a homogeneous solution. Subsequently, sorbitol was introduced and the mixture was vortexed again, leading to phase separation. After centrifuging, the organic phase containing the extracted analytes was collected at the bottom of the tube. An aliquot of the organic phase was then injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. RESULTS: The method exhibited excellent analytical performance, with low detection limits (0.19–0.59 μg L ⁻¹ ), high enrichment factors (1358–2232), and good linearity ( r ² = 0.9907–0.9988) of the calibration curves. Relative standard deviations were ≤15% for intra‐day and inter‐day precisions obtained at concentrations of 10, 25, and 100 μg L ⁻¹ of each analyte. CONCLUSION: Phase homogeneity was disrupted using sorbitol for preconcentration of analytes. The aqueous solution of analytes was placed in a conical‐bottom test tube, and 1,2‐dibromoethane along with toluene were used to form a homogeneous phase. The method was simple, cost‐effective, and environmentally friendly, and suitable for monitoring analytes in smoke‐contaminated food matrices such as milled rice. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Foods containing suitable amounts of vitamin K2 and nattokinase have several positive health effective properties. Therefore, in the present research, dairy cream was used as a widely consumed food product for fermentation with Bacillus subtilis natto (BSN) to introduce a new dairy product to the consumers. For this purpose, pasteurized dairy cream (30% fat) was inoculated with BSN and fermented at different temperatures (30°C and 37°C) and incubation times (12, 24, and 36 h) before being stored at refrigeration temperature (4°C). The fermented cream samples were evaluated for protein, ammonium content, protease activity, pH, acidity, nattokinase activity, vitamin K2 (menaquinone‐4, menaquinone‐7), and total microbial count during the process. The optimal fermentation conditions were found to be at 30°C for 24 h, during which the content of menaquinone‐4 (MK‐4) and menaquinone‐7 (MK‐7) increased from 10.92 to 142.27 ng/g and from 4.10 to 43.93 ng/g, respectively. Moreover, fermentation of cream with BSN led to a significant reduction in free ammonium (from 186.84 to 128.36 mg/100 g), and a pronounced increase in protease activity (from 0.003 to 0.328) in the optimum sample. Additionally, all cream samples inoculated with BSN showed a significant reduction ( p < 0.05) in total microbial counts throughout the storage period. Sensory evaluation revealed that fermentation did not cause any undesirable properties in the prepared samples compared to the control sample. These findings demonstrate that BSN fermentation is an effective strategy to convert plain dairy cream into a functional product enriched with vitamin K2 and nattokinase, offering a promising innovation for the dairy industry.

Detecting highly small amounts of analytes in complex samples is becoming increasingly important in the areas like environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical quality control, food safety, and clinical diagnostics. The presence of interfering substances and the extremely low concentration of target analytes require efficient sample preparation methods before analysis. Traditional methods have been widely used, but they often involve large amounts of solvents, complicated procedures, and are not fully align with the principles of green analytical chemistry. In recent years, miniaturized sample preparation techniques were used in analytical chemistry by reducing solvent use, simplifying workflows, and improving sensitivity. Among them, homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction has gained attention for its ability to create a uniform phase that later separates when triggered by the factors like salt addition, pH change, or temperature shift. Several versions type of homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction have been developed, including salt-induced, sugaring-out, deep eutectic solvent-based, and switchable hydrophilicity solvent homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction methods. In this study a review was presented considering principles, optimization methods, applications, and future prospects for homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction.