Seong Man Park

The significant contribution of leisure activities to overall well-being and life satisfaction underscores the need to examine factors that constrain participation. Although numerous empirical studies have examined the relationship between leisure constraints and leisure activity participation, the magnitude and direction of this relationship have varied across studies. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantitatively synthesize existing empirical evidence on the association between leisure constraints and leisure activity participation within the Korean context and to examine whether this relationship differs according to constraint type and participant characteristics. A total of 36 peer-reviewed studies were identified through systematic searches of four Korean academic databases (RISS, DBpia, KISS, and KCI) and analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software. Effect sizes were calculated to estimate the overall relationship between leisure constraints and leisure participation, and subgroup analyses were conducted to examine differences by constraint type and population group. Results indicate that leisure constraints significantly limit participation in leisure activities, showing a significant negative relationship between the two variables. Among leisure constraint elements, individual psychological factors had the greatest impact, followed by interpersonal constraints and structural constraints. The impact of leisure constraints on leisure participation was greater for employees compared to non-employees, and foreign immigrants faced greater difficulties than native citizens. Despite limitations related to the exclusive focus on Korean studies, these findings suggest that practical measures considering leisure constraints as major limiting factors are required. Overall, policy support and intervention strategies to mitigate leisure constraints need to be established through systematic approaches.

Research methodologies have diversified significantly in recent decades, offering researchers various options for structuring their studies. This study explores the role of qualitative research methods in examining ethnic language and culture preservation within ethnic communities in host societies. It begins by defining ethnic communities within the context of ethnic community studies, emphasizing the significance of language maintenance and cultural preservation. The study examines the ongoing academic debate surrounding quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods approaches, along with community-based participatory research frameworks. Since the study focuses on qualitative research, particular attention is paid to data collection methods such as participant observation, in-depth interviews, focus groups, and document analysis. The research also investigates the methodological integration of different qualitative approaches to comprehensively understand how to examine linguistic and ethnic minority groups’ ethnic language and cultural practices in host societies. In addition, it explores how researchers navigate dual roles when studying their own ethnic communities in host societies, examining the balance between community membership and scholarly objectivity. Special attention is given to online qualitative surveys as contemporary research tools, highlighting their flexibility and effectiveness in addressing diverse social research questions. This paper contributes to the field by providing practical and philosophical guidance for conducting qualitative research in ethnic communities within host societies.

Research background: Many studies have shown that there are differences in income, health, and quality of life between regular and non-regular workers. However, relatively little is known about the leisure lives of regular and non-regular workers. Purpose of research: The purpose of this study was to provide an empirical basis, in terms of social and policy-level aspects, to enhance the sustainability and satisfaction of leisure life for regular and non-regular workers in Korea by identifying the factors affecting leisure satisfaction according to the employment type of workers and their relative influence. Research method: To this end, data on 3627 regular and non-regular workers were analyzed using the raw data from the ‘National Leisure Activity Survey’, which is statistically representative at the national level. For the data analysis, SPSS version 23.0 was used. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed to identify the characteristics of the analysis variables, and a hierarchical regression analysis was conducted to identify the major factors and their relative influences on leisure satisfaction. Results: The analysis revealed that the relative influence of factors affecting the leisure satisfaction of regular workers was found in the following order: leisure time on weekdays, marital status, number of vacation days used, implementation of a five-day workweek system, income, leisure time on holidays, regional scale, and working hours. For non-regular workers, the factors influencing leisure satisfaction in order of relative influence were as follows: leisure time on weekdays, leisure expenses, marital status, working hours, and income. Implication: Based on the results of the study, practical measures and policy-level proposals were made to increase the sustainability and satisfaction of leisure life for both regular and non-regular workers.

Leisure plays a key role in the happiness of youth. Studies have shown that various factors of leisure, such as the type, the time, the cost, and the space, have an influence on the adolescents’ happiness. However, little is known about which of these factors is a major factor in youth’s happiness. The purpose of this study is to explore the leisure factors that determine happiness in adolescents by examining the relationship between happiness and various leisure factors. The study used the method of machine learning to analyze national statistical data, National Leisure Activity Survey. The data used in this study were from the National Leisure Activity Survey 2019, which is a national statistic produced by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in the Republic of Korea. The analysis found that leisure perceptions, academic and leisure balance, and public leisure space have a very important impact on the adolescents’ well-being. The findings of this research may contribute to a better understanding of leisure and happiness in adolescents, and will also help adolescents make better use of their leisure time, leading to better leisure lives, and ultimately contribute to raising their level of happiness.

Leisure activities play an important role in improving happiness levels for the elderly. The purpose of this study is to explore leisure-related factors that affect the happiness of the elderly using machine learning algorithms. For this research, the 2019 National Leisure Activity Survey released by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Republic of Korea, was used to analyze the data of 1769 elders over the age of 65 among 10,060 men and women aged 15 years and older in 17 cities and provinces nationwide, and it went through the process of data preprocessing, data segmentation, prediction model construction and evaluation, and model tuning. According to the findings of the study, the main factors predicting the happiness index of the elderly were leisure life satisfaction, leisure time, whether to use public leisure facilities, leisure policy satisfaction, and leisure activity companionship. The overall findings of this study imply that exploring sustainable policy towards the achievement of sustainable happiness for the elderly is important. Based on these results, policy measures to improve the happiness level of the elderly were discussed.

This study has been conducted to investigate what students thought about their experiences trying to interact more frequently during the fall semester of 2020. It took place in a general English classroom at a private Korean university during the COVID-19 pandemic and aimed to gain insight into students' perceptions of whether using a learning management system and other Information and Communication Technology tools, taking part in asynchronous discussion board activities, and completing voluntary activities would increase the number of interactions despite taking an emergency online class. A total of 28 first-year students from 6 different sections of a freshmen-level general English course voluntarily participated by filling out a survey at the end of the semester. For data analysis, descriptive statistics were initially analyzed to provide basic numerical data. Then, qualitative analysis was used to find common themes. Finally, student quotes were used to add greater meaning to the findings. The main finding was that the number of interactions between learners and the content, their instructors, and their peers increased due to the use of the learning management system and Information and Communication Technology tools. More detailed findings and implications for future uses are discussed.

Recreational activities such as physical and social activities are key components of a healthy life for the elderly. Since the outbreak of Corona 19, leisure facilities such as indoor sports facilities, religious facilities, and cultural facilities have been closed, and group activities such as volunteer activities and clubs are also being held under control. These measures are expected to bring about many changes in the leisure activities of the elderly. In this study, an empirical analysis was made on how COVID-19 caused changes in leisure activities of the elderly using national statistical data. For the data analysis, raw data of the “2019 National Leisure Activities Survey” and “2020 National Leisure Activities Survey” conducted by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism were used, and data of a total of 5,069 elderly people were analyzed. As for the analysis method, the changes in leisure activities of the elderly before and after COVID-19 in terms of participation rate were compared and analyzed. In addition, the changes in leisure activities of the elderly in terms of the type of leisure activities were examined before and after COVID-19 as well. As a result of the analysis, the participation rate in sports activities, hobbies and entertainment activities, and leisure activities increased, while the participation rates in culture and art viewing and participation activities, sports viewing activities, tourism activities, and social activities decreased. In particular, it was found that the proportion of the elderly spending leisure time centered on active and social activities decreased, and the proportion of the elderly consuming leisure time centered on passive activities increased. As a result, it was found that the leisure activities of the elderly are changing passively due to COVID-19. Leisure support policies for active leisure activities of the elderly are likely to be necessary.

The purpose of this study was to identify relationship between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure activity participation through meta-analysis within the Korean context. Through this study, the inconsistent research results of previous studies are explained by comprehensively clarifying the relationship between the two variables and identifying a third variable that controls the relationship. The efforts of this project are expected to provide useful data that can be used for future research and to seek ways of increasing participation in leisure activities. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, the research questions set in this study are as follows. First, what is the magnitude of the effect of the correlation coefficient between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation? Second, what are the variables that control the relationship between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation? Materials were collected by utilizing Research Information Sharing Service, DBpia, Korean studies Information Service System, and Korea Citation Index. Finally, 20 pieces of research materials were selected with a total of 6,843 participants. The conclusions drawn from the research questions set in this study are as follows. First, leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation are in a static relationship, and their level is considerable. In other words, efforts to overcome leisure constraints increase participation in leisure activities. Second, gender, age, and type of active leisure activities are major variables that control the relationship between leisure constraint negotiations and leisure participation. Finally, the limitation of this study and future research orientation were discussed.

The purpose of this study was to gather opinions from experts via the Delphi method to inform the future development of a virtual reality based English language communication program for university level students in Korea. The participants, who consisted of a panel of experts and professors who majored in English language and multimedia education, completed three Delphi surveys based on Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation, which is referred to as CIPP. In the first Delphi survey, the participants answered multiple choice questions and open-ended questions related to four areas relevant to the development of a virtual reality based program. Based on their answers, a second Delphi survey was designed to determine the participants’ level of agreement with the appropriateness of the questions related to the four areas. In the third Delphi survey, participants were shown the results (mean, standard deviation, median, interquartile range, consensus chart, and convergence degree) and were asked to confirm or modify their answers based on the other participants’ answers. According to the analysis of the Delphi survey results, need for the development of a virtual reality based English language communication program was suggested, and recommendations were made regarding the content and application of the program.

The purpose of this meta-analysis study was to investigate the effectiveness of psychological skills training interventions for archery players in Korea. A total of 17 research papers examining the effects of psychological skills training interventions were selected for data analysis. To analyze the data, the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software program was used. The results of this study were as follows: The overall effect size of psychological skills training interventions for archery players was ES = 0.469 (Hedges’ g), which was a small effect size. The major factors that influenced the effects of psychological skills training interventions for archery players appeared to be the player level and training period. In particular, adult players and longer periods of training had bigger effect sizes. The results of this study demonstrate that psychological skills training for archery players is effective and show that the player level and training period are crucial factors in the psychological skills training design. Based on these findings, some implications for future research are discussed.