Melanie McClure

Understanding the environmental context of insect outbreaks is crucial, particularly for pest species with significant impact on human health. The ashen moth Hylesia metabus is a generalist Lepidoptera, of which the females have urticating scales ( setae ) that cause severe dermatological reactions, and its outbreaks thus pose serious public health challenges along the coastal regions of Venezuela and French Guiana. Despite the species’ broad distribution throughout northern South America, outbreaks remain unpredictable and localized. Here, we explored factors that correlate with the spatial distribution of outbreaks by investigating 13 sites in French Guiana. We assessed forest structure, tree species composition, canopy cover, and avian predation rates in the field. Additionally, we performed species distribution modeling to explore the effect of climate. Outbreak-prone sites were associated with overall low tree densities, limited daily temperature variation, pronounced seasonal changes between the dry and rain seasons, and, surprisingly, higher avian predation rates which may be more indicative of favorable landscape structure. These conditions are more prevalent along the coast of French Guiana, contrasting sharply with the stable and diverse inland rainforest ecosystems where outbreaks are rarely reported. These findings highlight habitat features consistently associated with outbreaks and provide a first step toward identifying ecological conditions that may influence outbreak propensity and can inform future monitoring strategies under changing environmental conditions.

Understanding how biodiversity is structured along tropical elevational gradients requires disentangling the relative roles of regional evolutionary history and local processes shaping ecological assemblies. Here, Ithomiini butterfly communities were studied along repeated elevational gradients in two Neotropical regions with contrasting evolutionary histories: the Amazonian Andes and the Guiana Shield. The study tested whether similar elevational patterns of taxonomic, mimetic and phylogenetic structure emerge despite distinct regional species pools, and whether abiotic and biotic factors contribute to shaping these patterns. Despite marked regional differences in overall richness, consistent elevational patterns emerged across both regions. Taxonomic and mimetic richness increased with elevation and were accompanied by stronger phylogenetic clustering, indicating that similar habitat filtering processes operate along altitudinal gradients irrespective of regional context. Phylogenetic β‐diversity was predominantly driven by lineage turnover, particularly in the Andes, highlighting the role of elevational gradients in promoting replacement of phylogenetically distinct lineages rather than simple species loss. These shared patterns suggest that altitude has a strong and repeatable effect on community structure, with habitat filtering acting locally on regionally distinct species pools. Abiotic factors such as temperature appeared to constrain species distributions at broad spatial scales, whereas biotic interactions acted more locally. In particular, butterfly diversity was positively associated with potential host plant richness and predation pressure, indicating that ecological interactions can further shape local community composition once broad‐scale environmental constraints are accounted for. By integrating phylogenetic structure, biotic interactions and environmental gradients across regions with contrasting evolutionary histories, this study shows how regional species pools and local ecological filtering jointly shape tropical biodiversity and highlights that similar elevational assembly processes could arise independently across the Neotropics.

Understanding how biodiversity is structured along tropical elevational gradients requires disentangling the relative roles of regional evolutionary history and local processes shaping ecological assemblies. Here, Ithomiini butterfly communities were studied along repeated elevational gradients in two Neotropical regions with contrasting evolutionary histories: the Amazonian Andes and the Guiana Shield. The study tested whether similar elevational patterns of taxonomic, mimetic, and phylogenetic structure emerge despite distinct regional species pools, and whether abiotic and biotic factors contribute to shaping these patterns. Despite marked regional differences in overall richness, consistent elevational patterns emerged across both regions. Taxonomic and mimetic richness increased with elevation and were accompanied by stronger phylogenetic clustering, indicating that similar habitat filtering processes operate along altitudinal gradients irrespective of regional context. Phylogenetic β-diversity was predominantly driven by lineage turnover, particularly in the Andes, highlighting the role of elevational gradients in promoting replacement of phylogenetically distinct lineages rather than simple species loss. These shared patterns suggest that altitude has a strong and repeatable effect on community structure, with habitat filtering acting locally on regionally distinct species pool. Abiotic factors such as temperature appeared to constrain species distributions at broad spatial scales, whereas biotic interactions acted more locally. In particular, butterfly diversity was positively associated with potential host plant richness and predation pressure, indicating that ecological interactions can further shape local community composition once broad-scale environmental constraints are accounted for. By integrating phylogenetic structure, biotic interactions, and environmental gradients across regions with contrasting evolutionary histories, this study shows how regional species pools and local ecological filtering jointly shape tropical biodiversity and highlights that similar elevational assembly processes could arise independently across the Neotropics.

The evolution of traits in closely-related species living in sympatry strongly depends on both shared selective pressures and reproductive interference. In closely-related Morpho butterfly species living in the understory of the neo-tropical rainforest, the blue iridescent coloration of the wings is likely involved in predation evasion, as well as in mate recognition and courtship. We used spectrophotometry, behavioral experiments, visual modeling, and chemical analyses to characterize the evolution of visual and chemical traits in two closely-related species, Morpho helenor and Morpho achilles . We specifically compared trait variation between samples from allopatric and sympatric populations of M. helenor to test the effect of ecological interactions with M. achilles on trait evolution. We quantified the differences in wing iridescence and tested for variations in the sexual preference for this trait. We found a strong similarity in iridescence between M. helenor and M. achilles in sympatry, while the iridescence of M. helenor diverged in allopatry, suggesting that predation favors local resemblance. Although intraspecific behavioral experiments showed that iridescent signals could be used as visual cues during intraspecific mate choice, the strong resemblance of the iridescent signals between species may impair these species' visual recognition. In contrast, the divergent chemical bouquets detected between species suggest that the visual similarity of sympatric Morpho species may have favored the divergence of alternative traits involved in species recognition, such as chemical cues.

Understanding the environmental context of insect outbreaks is crucial, particularly for pest species with significant impact on human health. The ashen moth Hylesia metabus is a generalist Lepidoptera with urticating scales (setae). This species causes severe dermatological reactions and its outbreaks pose serious public health challenges along the coastal regions of Venezuela and French Guiana. Despite the species' broad distribution throughout northern South America, outbreaks remain unpredictable and localized. Here, we explored factors that correlate with the recent spatial distribution of outbreaks by investigating 13 sites in French Guiana. We assessed forest structure, tree species composition, canopy cover and avian predation rates in the field. Additionally, we performed species distribution modeling to explore the effect of climate. Outbreak-prone sites were associated with overall low tree densities, high predation pressure, limited daily temperature variation, and pronounced seasonal changes between the dry and rain seasons. These conditions are more prevalent along the coast of French Guiana, contrasting sharply with the stable and diverse inland rainforest ecosystems where outbreaks are rarely reported. These findings highlight habitat features consistently associated with recent outbreak locations and provide a first step toward identifying ecological conditions that may influence outbreak propensity and can inform future monitoring strategies under changing environmental conditions.

The evolution of traits in closely related species living in sympatry strongly depends on both shared selective pressures and reproductive interference. In closely-related Morpho butterfly species living in the understory of the neo-tropical rainforest, the blue iridescent coloration of the wings is likely involved in predation evasion, as well as in mate recognition and courtship. We used spectrophotometry, behavioral experiments, visual modeling and chemical analyses to characterize the evolution of visual and chemical traits in two closely-related species, Morpho helenor and Morpho achilles. We specifically compared trait variation between samples from allopatric and sympatric populations of M. helenor to test the effect of ecological interactions with M. achilles on trait evolution. We quantified the differences in wing iridescence and tested for variations in the sexual preference for this trait. We found a strong similarity in iridescence between M. helenor and M. achilles in sympatry while the iridescence of M. helenor diverged in allopatry, suggesting that predation favors local resemblance. Although intraspecific behavioral experiments showed that iridescent signals could be used as visual cues during intraspecific mate choice, the strong resemblance of the iridescent signals between species may impair these species visual recognition. In contrast, the divergent chemical bouquets detected between species suggest that the visual similarity of sympatric Morpho species may have favored the divergence of alternative traits involved in species recognition, such as chemical cues.

A central question in evolutionary biology is what drives the diversification of lineages. Rapid, recent radiations are ideal systems for this question because they still show key morphological and ecological adaptations associated with speciation. While most research on recent radiations focuses on those occurring in insular environments, less attention has been given to continental radiations with complex species interactions. Here, we study the drivers of continental radiations of Melinaea and Mechanitis butterflies (Nymphalidae: Ithomiini), which have rapidly radiated in the continental Neotropics. They are classical models for Amazonian biogeography and color pattern mimicry and have been proposed as biodiversity indicators. We generated reference genomes for five species of each genus and whole-genome resequencing data of most species and subspecies covering a wide geographic range to assess phylogeographic relationships, hybridization patterns, and chromosomal rearrangements. Our data help resolve the classification of these taxonomically challenging butterflies and reveal very high diversification rates. We find rampant evidence of historical hybridization and putative hybrid species in both radiations, which may have facilitated their rapid diversification by enriching the genetic diversity. Moreover, we identified dozens of chromosomal fusions and fissions between congeneric species that have likely expedited reproductive isolation. We conclude that interactions between geography, hybridization and chromosomal rearrangements have contributed to these rapid radiations in the highly diverse Neotropical region. We hypothesize that rapid radiations may be spurred if repeated periods of geographic isolation are combined with lineage-specific rapid accumulation of incompatibilities, followed by secondary contact with some gene exchange.

The evolution of traits in closely related species living in sympatry strongly depends on both shared selective pressures and reproductive interference. In closely-related Morpho butterfly species living in the understory of the neo-tropical rainforest, the blue iridescent coloration of the wings is likely involved in predation evasion, as well as in mate recognition and courtship. We used spectrophotometry, behavioral experiments, visual modeling and chemical analyses to characterize the evolution of visual and chemical traits in two closely-related species, Morpho helenor and Morpho achilles . We specifically compared trait variation between samples from allopatric and sympatric populations of M. helenor to test the effect of ecological interactions with M. achilles on trait evolution. We quantified the differences in wing iridescence and tested for variations in the sexual preference for this trait. We found a strong similarity in iridescence between M. helenor and M. achilles in sympatry while the iridescence of M. helenor diverged in allopatry, suggesting that predation favors local resemblance. Although intraspecific behavioral experiments showed that iridescent signals could be used as visual cues during intraspecific mate choice, the strong resemblance of the iridescent signals between species may impair these species visual recognition. In contrast, the divergent chemical bouquets detected between species suggest that the visual similarity of sympatric Morpho species may have favored the divergence of alternative traits involved in species recognition, such as chemical cues.

We present the first nuclear genome assembly and a complete mitogenome for Hylesia metabus (Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Saturniidae). The assembled nuclear genome sequence is 1,271 Mb long, which is among the 10 largest lepidopteran genome assemblies published to date. It is scaffolded in 31 pseudo chromosomes, has a BUSCO score of 99.5%, and has a highly conserved synteny compared to phylogenetically close species. Repetitive elements make up 67% of the nuclear genome and are mainly located in intergenic regions, among which LINEs were predominant, with CR1-Zenon being the most abundant. Phylogenetic and comparative analyses of H. metabus assembly and 17 additional Saturniidae and Sphingidae assemblies suggested that an accumulation of repetitive elements likely led to the increased size of H. metabus’ genome. Gene annotation using Helixer identified 26,122 transcripts. The Z scaffold was identified using both a synteny analysis and variations of coverage for two resequenced male and female H. metabus. The H. metabus nuclear genome and mitogenome assemblies can be found and browsed on the BIPAA website and constitute useful resources for future population and comparative genomics studies.

An important question in evolution is to understand the mechanisms that maintain phenotypic diversity, despite selection that should drive homogeneity. For example, selection by predators may promote the convergence of colour patterns among defended prey, resulting in the formation of mimetic communities. However, certain aposematic species, such as the Neotropical butterfly Heliconius numata, are polymorphic. In H. numata, wing pattern polymorphism, which is associated with chromosomal inversions, may be maintained via disassortative mating preferences, thought to favour the co-occurrence of individuals with different mimicry phenotypes in Peru. To test whether environmental variation due to geography influence the mate choice, we investigate the occurrence of disassortative mating among the two co-existing forms of H. numata in French Guiana, and its potential role in the maintenance of this polymorphism. Our experimental approach demonstrates that the two forms display weak and slightly asymmetrical disassortative mate preferences. Modelling and simulations suggest that this pattern of mate preference alone is not sufficient to maintain polymorphism, and predict the loss of the choosiest form, unless this form enjoys a survival advantage. In this aposematic species, such an advantage could arise from mimicry, but further studies into the benefits of mimicry and predator generalization are needed to test this hypothesis. More importantly, our results suggest that the balance between selective forces influencing polymorphism may vary across geographic and ecological contexts, and this warrants further study.