Ahnna Lee

BACKGROUND Diabetes in pregnancy carries adverse outcomes extending to the later health of mothers and offspring. Although artificial intelligence (AI) has advanced medical care, its application to conditions requiring continuous management remains fragmented. Integrated care is essential from early pregnancy through the postpartum period, yet most AI studies focus on isolated tasks. No previous review has systematically categorized these AI applications by clinical purposes, methodologies, and points of care. OBJECTIVE We aimed to map AI research across clinical function and action stages to identify evidence gaps and inform strategies for integrated care in diabetes in pregnancy. METHODS Adhering to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines and JBI methodology, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library, supplemented by backward and forward citation searches. Eligible studies were peer-reviewed primary articles published in English between January 2023 and July 2026 that evaluated AI, including large language models (LLMs) and agentic AI, in women with or at risk of diabetes in pregnancy or in their offspring. Studies were categorized by clinical function (prediction, diagnosis, and management) and mapped across the pregnancy timeline into eight clinical action stages, from prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) to long-term risk prediction. Evidence levels were graded according to the extent of clinical validation, from internal or controlled evaluation (L1) and external validation (L2) to clinical application of a fixed model (L3) and integration into routine care (L4). Two reviewers independently conducted full-text eligibility assessment, data charting, and classification, with discrepancies resolved by consensus. RESULTS From 4,849 records (1,192 from databases and 3,657 from citation searching), 128 studies were included. Prediction was the most frequent clinical function (77.3%), followed by diagnosis (13.3%) and management (9.4%). Across the eight clinical action stages, risk stratification and screening for GDM was the most frequent (57.8%), whereas no study addressed prevention of GDM or postpartum care as its primary stage. All studies remained at L1 or L2 (77.3% and 22.7%, respectively), none reached L3 or L4, and all management studies remained at L1. LLMs were evaluated in 5.5% of studies, and no study evaluated agentic AI. Although 7.8% of studies reported outputs for more than one stage, none evaluated whether the output of one stage informed the clinical action at the next. CONCLUSIONS AI research in diabetes in pregnancy remains fragmented, prioritizing isolated clinical actions, chiefly risk prediction and diagnosis, while rarely integrating them into continuous care. This review identifies significant clinical gaps in early prevention, postpartum care, and advanced management evaluation for GDM, as well as AI applications for pre-existing diabetes. To achieve true continuity of care, future AI initiatives should prioritize integrating successive clinical actions across the perinatal continuum and validating their clinical implementation within real-world workflows.

Objectives: The smoking rate of women is lower than that of men; however, it is increasing. In Korea, the public health center smoking cessation clinic, visiting smoking cessation support service, 4-night 5-day program, and Quitline were in operation for women. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking cessation failure factors and the characteristics of smoking women by smoking cessation support service. Methods: This study targeted a total of 125.097 people from January 2017 to December 2019 in the integrated information system for smoking cessation services. A total of 93,594 people excluding missing values were used as final analysis data. The general characteristics of the subjects, smoking-related characteristics, and 12-week smoking cessation failure rate were investigated. Results: The 4-night 5-day program had the lowest failure rate (33%), the college student program showed a significant failure rate of 5.43 times (CI=4.35-6.77) than the 4-night 5-day program. Conclusion: To increase the success rate of smoking cessation for women, programs that increase self-efficacy and will to quit smoking, such as the therapeutic 4-night 5-day program, and programs such as Quitline that can be accessed regardless of social views should be expanded.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the successful smoking cessation across different national smoking cessation services. Methods: This study included data that had been previously entered into the integrated information system for smoking cessation services and comprised 144,688 participants after excluding missing data. These clinics provide face-to-face counseling, phone calls, text messages, and e-mail services for six months and nine sessions. Results: The women-only program had the lowest success rate (11.3%). Compared with the women-only program, the six-month success rate of smoking cessation clinic at public health centers (OR = 3.72, CI = [3.52, 3.92]), visiting-type smoking cessation clinics (OR = 2.97, CI = [2.79, 3.16]), the residential 4 -night 5-day program (OR = 7.79, CI = [6.49, 9.35]), and a program for inpatients (OR = 2.36, CI = [1.89, 2.94]) showed a significant increase. Conclusions: Emotional labor workers who participated in the women-only program had low smoking cessation success rates, while those who participated in the residential 4-night 5-day program had high success rates.

Despite the steadily increasing prevalence of female smoking, gender-responsive tobacco cessation services have not been widely provided worldwide. The purpose of this study is to identify factors associated with the use of tobacco cessation services among female tobacco product users in Korea from a national perspective. We performed a logistic regression analysis using data from 663 female smokers; 11.0% of female smokers had used government-supported smoking cessation services. A logistic regression model showed a statistically significant association between the utilization of smoking cessation services and a history of pregnancy and childbirth, depression, current use of heated tobacco products and multiple tobacco products, parental smoking status and receiving advice to quit. With regard to the motivation ruler, those in their 50s reported a higher importance than those in their 20s. Weight gain concerns when quitting smoking were the lowest among the participants aged 19–29. The need to develop gender-specific smoking cessation programs is the highest among the participants aged 39–49 and the lowest among those aged 19–29. This study suggests several factors related to the utilization of national health services among female smokers. Further studies considering gender-specific needs for the development of gender-responsive tobacco cessation support are needed.

The awareness and use of the recently introduced heated product in the global tobacco market is rapidly increasing. Few studies have investigated the association of this product’s use with health-related factors. To examine the association of the heated tobacco product (HTP)’s use with perceived stress, physical activity, and internet use, we analyzed data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey using multinomial logistic regression models. The participants included 60,040 students from middle school and high school. There were significant associations between high perceived stress and cigarette use only, dual use of cigarette and e-cigarette, triple use of cigarette, e-cigarette, and HTP; a negative association between HTP’s use and perceived stress; positive association between physical activity and tobacco use; and not using the internet significantly increased the odds of use of all types of tobacco products. A smoking prevention program, tailored to meet the needs of different types of tobacco product users, is recommended. A program aimed at not only increasing awareness of perceived risk but also decreasing perceived benefits of risky behaviors, should also be considered. Further research using a longitudinal design to test the causal relationship of tobacco product use with perceived stress, physical activity, and internet use is warranted.