Irzaman Irzaman

Cu-doped Ba₀.₁₂₅Sr₀.₈₇₅TiO₃ (BST) thin films were fabricated on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates by chemical solution deposition and integrated into a metal–ferroelectric–metal configuration to investigate defect-mediated photoconductive transport. Cu concentrations ranging from 0 to 1.5% were introduced to systematically tailor the lattice structure and electronic states. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a perovskite phase and a progressive shift of diffraction peaks toward higher angles, indicating lattice contraction with increasing Cu content. Optical analysis using the Kubelka–Munk method revealed band-gap narrowing from 3.90 to 3.67 eV, suggesting the formation of localized defect-related electronic states. Electrical measurements showed enhanced conductivity and reduced impedance under illumination, accompanied by improved photoconductive response at higher Cu concentrations. These findings demonstrate that Cu incorporation effectively tailors lattice structure, electronic states, and carrier transport, providing a promising defect-engineering strategy for enhancing the optoelectronic performance of perovskite oxide thin films.

This research investigates the effect of oxygen flow valve orifice size on the thermal conductivity of a small-scale industrial husk furnace's pan and chimney. The researchers used a water boiling test to the thermal conductivity at varying valve hole sizes: 3627 cm, 3634 cm, 4334 cm, and 5034 cm. The pan, crucial for direct contact with cooking ingredients, and the chimney, responsible for fire flow during combustion, play vital roles in heating. The chimney, constructed of clay and zinc, exhibited thermal conductivity values ranging from 0.52 to 0.59 W m⁻¹ °C⁻¹. The highest chimney thermal conductivity was observed at the 50x34 cm valve hole size, attributed to a smaller temperature difference between the inner and outer chimney surfaces. The pan's average thermal conductivity ranged from 2.95 to 4.10 W m⁻¹ °C⁻¹, with the highest value recorded at 5034 cm orifice. This finding suggests a direct relationship between the valve hole size, heat transfer rate, and the pan's thermal conductivity. The research reveals the influence of oxygen flow on heat transfer within the husk furnace, providing valuable insights for optimizing its design and efficiency. While the chimney's thermal conductivity remained relatively stable across different orifice sizes, the pan's conductivity showed greater variation, potentially indicating inconsistent heat distribution. Further research with more precise temperature measurement techniques is recommended to refine these findings.

Film fabrication of LiTaO₃ has been successfully prepared with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% Iron containing variations using the Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method. Each sample was characterized using FTIR and the wavenumber and transmittance values were obtained. This value was analyzed using the Kramers-Kronig (KK) method and obtained the Transverse Optic (TO) and Longitudinal Optic (LO) values. The results show that TO value is in wave numbers 462.25 cm^-1 – 556.00 cm^-1. While the value of LO is in the range of wave numbers 478.50 cm^-1 – 571,00 cm^-1. The results show an increase in both TO and LO values as the Iron Oxide percentage increases. Based on the analyses of TO, LO, ε₁ and ε₂, film fabrication of LiTaO₃ has the potential as light, pressure and temperature sensors.

Synthesis of Strontium Titanate (SrTiO₃) doped with Bismuth Acetatem (Bi(CH₃COO)₃) has been successfully carried out with varying concentrations of 0%; 0.5%; 1%; and 1.5% impurity in weight percent. The concentrated solution was dripped onto a P- type silicon substrate (1 0 0) using the Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method and spin coating technique. Annealing process was carried out with a temperature increase of 1.67oC/minute and held at 850oC for 8 hours and then cooled to room temperature for 12 hours. The film thickness was determined by the volumetric method, resulting in values of 3.9 μm, 4.3 μm, 4.7 μm and 5.1 μm. The analysis of optical properties with the Kubelka-Munk function for the direct transition results a band gap of 3.46 - 3.56 eV. Analysis of the XRD results was carried out using the Cramer-Cohen method and obtained lattice parameters (a=b=c) of Strontium Titanate (SrTiO₃) doped with Bismuth Acetate (Bi(CH₃COO)₃) with various concentrations of 0%; 0.5%; 1%; and 1.5% are 3.835 Å, 3.837 Å, 3.909 Å, 3.913 Å respectively with a cubic crystal structure. This is because the ionic radius of bismuth (1.32 Å) is larger than that of strontium (1.17 Å), so bismuth will replace strontium in thin films. This replacement causes the lattice parameter values to increase, and effects the XRD spectral curve at the preferred peak (1 1 0) shift to the left. This shows that the doping bismuth has entered the strontium host.

A retinomorphic sensor is a kind of image sensor inspired by the biological structure and function of the human retina. The sensor is promising to be used in autonomous vehicle applications and neuromorphic computation due to its rapid responses to brightness changes and low power consumption. A photo-capacitor device is utilized in retinomorphic sensors to characterize the response to light intensity changes. It works to detect light and adjust the capacitance value depending on the intensity of the light it receives. The simulation in this study uses a photo-capacitor with a bi-layer dielectric structure, with a perovskite layer acting as the light-responsive layer and a silicon dioxide layer acting as the light-unresponsive layer. The impact of perovskite layer thickness has been analyzed to discover how the electric field responds at various wavelengths. The findings demonstrate that a perovskite thickness greater than 300 nm can provide a higher electric field dispersion than one less than 300 nm. It is observed that the electric field is also proportional to the absorbance of devices. For various wavelengths, the peak of the electric field is distributed randomly.

Reeds biomass has been successfully extracted. It calcinated with annealing temperatures at 800 °C (A800), 850 °C (A850), and 900 °C (A900). The x-ray pattern showed that it has a cristoballite (SiO2) crystal structure. The band gap energy values are 3.8 eV, 3.7 eV and 4.7 eV, respectively. FTIR spectra show the groups are silanol, siloxane, and monohydride. Quantitatively, it provide results to determine the optical properties and dielectric functions which indicate shift to longer wavelengths with an increase in annealing temperature. The morphology gives different image where the particles are formed flakes (A800), aggregates (A850) and porous aggregates (A900). Full Text: PDF References A. F. Ramdja, R. A. Silalahi, N. Sihombing, "Pengaruh waktu, temperatur dan dosis H2SO4 pada hidrolisa asam terhadap kadar etanol berbahan baku alang-alang," J. Tek. Kim., 17, (2010). CrossRef Z. S. Osvaldo, P. Putra, M. Faizal, "Pengaruh konsentrasi asam dan waktu pada proses hidrolisis dan fermentasi pembuatan bioetanol dari alang-alang," J. Tek. Kim., 18, (2012). CrossRef I. S. Naji, N. A. Khalifa, and H. M. Khalaf, "Influence of annealing temperature on the physical properties of thin Cu2SiO4 films prepared by pulsed laser deposition," Dig. J. Nanomater. Biostructures, 12, 899 (2017). DirectLink M. Sahri, A. R. Tualeka, N. Widajati, "Quantitative risk assesment of crystalline silica exposure in ceramics industry," Indian J. Public Heal. Res. & Dev., 10, 601 (2019). CrossRef A. Berendjchi, R. Khajavi, M. E. Yazdanshenas, "Application of nanosols in textile industry," Int. J. Green Nanotechnol., 1, 1943089213506814 (2013). CrossRef P. Y. Steinberg, "Structural and mechanical properties of silica mesoporous films synthesized using deep X-rays: implications in the construction of devices," Front. Mater., 8, 27 (2021). CrossRef A. F. Lourenço, J. A. F. Gamelas, J. Sequeira, P. J. Ferreira, J. L. Velho, "Improving paper mechanical properties using silica-modified ground calcium carbonate as filler," BioResources, 10, 8312 (2015). CrossRef S. Begum, M. Allaudin, M. A. Qaiser, and F. KHAN, "Beneficiation of silica sand for the manufacturing of optical glass". J.Chem. Soc. Pakistan, 21, 83 (1999). DirectLink N. H. N. A. Hadi, A. Anuar, R. K. Shuib, "Effect of Different Salinization Methods of Silica Filler on Rubber Reinforcement," J. Eng., 15, 71 (2019). CrossRef K. Kayed and D. B. Kurd, "The effect of annealing temperature on the structural and optical properties of Si/SiO2 composites synthesized by thermal oxidation of silicon wafers," Silicon, 14, 5157 (2021). CrossRef F. Ravaux, N. S. Rajput, J. Abed, L. George, M. Tiner, M. Jouiad, "Effect of rapid thermal annealing on crystallization and stress relaxation of SiGe nanoparticles deposited by ICP PECVD," RSC Adv.,7, 32087 (2017). CrossRef H. Liu et al., "Design and synthesis of carbon-coated α-Fe2O3-Fe3O4 heterostructured as anode materials for lithium ion batteries," Appl. Surf. Sci., 495, 143590 (2019). CrossRef M. Ghasemifard, E. Fathi, M. Ghamari, "The effect of Fe3+-doped on structure and optical properties of mesoporous Al2O3/SiO2 composite," Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process., 42, 349 (2016). CrossRef X. Lu et al., "Effect of high-intensity ultrasound irradiation on the stability and structural features of coconut-grain milk composite systems utilizing maize kernels and starch with different amylose contents," Ultrason. Sonochem., 55, 135 (2019). CrossRef E. W. Juni, A. Arnelli, S. Sriatun, "Pemanfaatan Surfaktan Kationik Hasil Sublasi sebagai Molekul Pengarah pada Pembuatan Material Berpori dari Sekam Padi," J. Kim. Sains dan Apl., 15, 24 (2012). CrossRef F. Adam, K. Kandasamy, S. Balakrishnan, "Iron incorporated heterogeneous catalyst from rice husk ash," J. Colloid Interface Sci., 304, 137 (2006). CrossRef K. C. Wong, "Review of spectrometric identification of organic compounds." J. Chem. Educ., 92, 1602 (2015). CrossRef L. H. Abuhassan, "Enhancement of the production yield of fluorescent silicon nanostructures using silicon-based salts," Sains Malaysiana, 39, 837 (2010). DirectLink U. Kalapathy, A. Proctor, J. Shultz, "Silica xerogels from rice hull ash: structure, density and mechanical strength as affected by gelation pH and silica concentration", J. Chem. Technol. & Biotechnol., 75, 464 (2000) CrossRef

Gelatin-free capsules are possibly produced through an innovation which involves utilizing environmentally friendly materials derived from plants such as bagasse which are produced into nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). This research was conducted to report the extraction and characterization of NCC from the abundant industrial plantation waste of sugarcane and its application as the base material for gelatin-free capsule shell material. The process involved using different concentrations of NCC at 1, 2, 4, and 7 (in wt. ) with the addition of 1 hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) (in wt. ) and 1 carbopol (in wt. ). Moreover, the NCC capsules obtained from sugarcane bagasse were tested for moisture content, tensile strength, elongation, solubility, and pH. The results showed that sugarcane bagasse contains 4050 cellulose, 6.159.5 moisture content which indicates they are potentially better in terms of storage, 7.257.85 pH, and 0.050.136MPa gel strength, and the elongation value ranges from 7.19 to 87.51. These values were discovered to have satisfied the standard requirements as indicated by the optimal concentration of 4 NCC +1 HPMC, which is in line with the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), thereby leading to the consideration of the material safe to be used as raw material in making capsule shells.

In this study, the researchers measured cicadas' sound waves, considering that cicadas are mostly found in rural areas. The intensity level meter (AMTAST AMF003) was used with time variations (9:00 JST; 12:00 JST; and 15:00 JST). Measurements of air temperature differences (Krisbow Temperature & Humidity Data Logger) were also carried out, and weather conditions were also considered in data collection using satellite data from Himawari, Japan. The interpretation results of intensity level's trend measured at 3:00 pm JST were decreased concerning the changes in days. Meanwhile, the measurement at 09:00 am and 12:00 pm JST did not show a decrement concerning the changes in days (31 days in total). These results show that temperature changes (towards autumn) can affect the intensity level of sound waves. In addition, slightly different intensity levels can affect large changes in acoustic power or the produced sound.