Aleksandr G. Aksenov

The article discusses the issues of determining the level of occurrence biological risks, as well as the spread of infectious and parasitic diseases of potato according to the parameters of the transmission mechanisms and routes. Most pathogens are characterized by a high (26.1%) and very high (43.5%) level of risk. It has been established that in the latter group, 75% of infectious and parasitic diseases of potato have a mycotic etiology, 15 – helminthic, 10% – bacterial. There are no pathogens of infectious and parasitic potato diseases of viral etiology in this group. The average score for the very high-risk group is 10.8. In the low-risk group the most of potato diseases pathogens have a bacterial etiology (80%), medium – bacterial (44.5%) and mycotic (33.3%), high – viral (66.6%).

The article discusses the issues of moving, loading, transshipment and storage of loaded and empty containers on the field-warehouse line. The work was carried out at the Redkinskaya AIC LLC enterprise, which has 625 hectares of arable land for growing seed potatoes with appropriate crop rotation and producing up to 10 000 tons of elite seeds. The technology for harvesting potatoes using soft containers (bags) and containers is described. The required number of containers for harvesting was calculated, depending on the gross harvest of potatoes in fields of different areas and the time of all operations of the technological process. Suitable overall dimensions of containers and materials for their manufacture have been determined. Transport for moving and loading and unloading operations using both types of containers is indicated. A comparative assessment of the bags and containers usage is provided, and prospects for the development of the latter in various agricultural operations are outlined. The processes of sorting, warehousing, storing and planting potatoes using containers are presented. A diagram of tubers delivery to the planting site and the planting process is shown. A container-transport technology for harvesting selection potatoes of the first field reproduction has been developed.

The purpose of the research is to substantiate theoretically the process of variety and phytocleaning in breeding and seed plantings of potatoes and vegetable crops using machine vision technologies and robotic elements. The article analyzes modern non-destructive methods for detecting diseases of biological objects; technological processes and machines for removing the fruits of vegetable crops from plants in a digital agricultural production system with elements of robotization in the operations of caring for plants and collecting marketable products. The relevance of developing innovative technology and technical means for removing infected potato and vegetable plants in breeding and seed production has been established. To carry out health-improving techniques for the production of vegetable and potato seeds, an innovative technology and machine have been developed for removing infected potato and vegetable crop plants in breeding and seed-growing plantings, providing movement across the field using machine vision technologies with the identification of an infected plant or a plant that does not correspond to the varietal characteristics with its subsequent removal. In the process of the research (2021-2022), a morphological matrix for selecting technical means of using functioning elements for implementing innovative technology for varietal and phytocleaning of vegetable crops and potatoes, as well as the theoretical foundations of innovative technology for removing contaminated biological objects, were developed. An indicator of the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative phytotype cleaning technology has been identified, taking into account the parameters of economic and agrotechnical indicators, as well as metal intensity, energy intensity, environmental friendliness and reliability. Analytical studies of machine technology and technical means for removing infected vegetable and potato plants are presented. A substantiation of the innovative technology for varietal and phytocleaning of vegetable crops and potatoes has been carried out, in terms of the exclusion of an unmanned aerial vehicle in the technology for detecting infected potato plants with a qualitative assessment of the feasibility of choosing technical means when using the functioning elements of the implementation of the developed technology according to the criteria of economic and agrotechnical assessment, as well as metal intensity, energy intensity and reliability . An assessment of the feasibility of choosing technical means for the functioning of elements of innovative technology showed that, according to a set of criteria, the process of varietal and phytocleaning of vegetable crops and potatoes is advisable to carry out without the use of an unmanned aerial vehicle, using an optical system for identifying infected plants in the design of the machine.

Отмечена возможность повышения продуктивности семян путем воздействия на них электромагнитного поля. Рассмотрены теоретические и практические предпосылки создания экспериментальной лабораторной установки для предпосевной обработки семян низкочастотным электромагнитным полем и достижения магнитобиологического эффекта. (Цель исследования) Изучить влияние низкочастотного электромагнитного поля на состав и свойства семян зерновых культур. (Материалы и методы) Применялись стандартные излучатели с вариативностью магнитной индукции 3-75 миллитесла, частотой излучения 1-100 Герц, обеспечивающие требуемые параметры воздействия на партию семян. (Результаты и обсуждение) Исследовали влияние магнитного воздействия на всхожесть, энергию прорастания, физико-химические свойства семян при варьировании параметров низкочастотного электромагнитного поля. Проведен анализ зависимости качества воздействия от параметров работы установки и массы семян различных зерновых культур от 10 до 500 г. На этой основе выбраны режимы и создана рабочая программа облучения, обеспечивающая высокую эффективность воздействия на показатели всхожести, прорастания и развития семян. (Выводы) Изучено влияние низкочастотного электромагнитного поля на состав и свойства зерна. Разработана экспериментальная лабораторная установка с источниками низкочастотного электромагнитного поля, обоснованы режимы излучения. Магнитобиологический эффект предпосевной обработки промышленной партии зависит от вида и сорта культуры, активации в клетке биологического комплекса, инициирующего развитие проростка, качества и влажности семян, наличия на поверхности микроорганизмов, в том числе патогенных, источников и энергетических параметров облучения. Определены параметры низкочастотного электромагнитного поля: магнитная индукция от 3 до 75 миллитесла, частота 10-16 Герц, масса семян от 10 до 500 граммов. Эти параметры будут использованы при создании промышленной установки для подготовки семенного материала и улучшения его посевных свойств.

The article substantiates the design schemes of coulters and, in general, coulter groups of potato planters based on the morphological features of the potato plant, its requirements for growing conditions and ensuring the high-quality performance of the planting process. The purpose of the coulter groups is to form a bed for placing seed tubers with a loose soil layer of 5–8 cm and to cover seed tubers with loose soil to a certain depth.

Показали, что совершенствование конструкции сепарирующих устройств машин для уборки лука путем установки различных типов интенсификаторов сепарации не в полной мере повышает качество очистки товарной продукции. Отметили необходимость соблюдения жестких технологических параметров настройки сепарирующих систем (подача луковиц на штифтовое полотно без потерь, снижение максимальной скорости соударения с рабочими элементами установки , улучшение полноты очистки). Показали, что одним из вариантов интенсификации очистки лука-севка от почвы и соизмеримых с ним почвенных комков может стать увлажнение вороха при сепарации с ультразвуковым воздействием. (Цель исследования) Определить теоретические закономерности интенсификации очистки лука-севка от механических примесей. (Материалы и методы) Использовали методы системного анализа и синтеза, физического моделирования, основанные на теории вероятности и принципах математической статистики, численные методы решения аналитических зависимостей, методы классической механики – основные положения теории разрушения, механики грунтов. (Результаты и обсуждение) Обосновали необходимый рациональный режим интенсификации уборки лука-севка и очистки его от механических примесей, функциональную схему машины для уборки лука выкапывающего типа с модулем ультразвуковой очистки, учитывающую функции состояния, внешнего и управляющего воздействий, а также показателей качества работы. (Выводы) Разработали конструктивную схему сепарирующего модуля уборочной машины с ультразвуковым воздействием для совершенствования процесса очистки лука-севка, исходя из условий максимального просеивания почвенных и других примесей в пределах агротехнических требований (не менее 98 процентов), а также сокращения до минимума потерь (не более 2 процентов) и повреждений луковиц (не более 2 процентов).

This method is a variant of non-destructive multiparametric surface analysis and includes the implementation of hyperspectral and RGB image processing approaches from different angles. This work is based on a fundamental hyperspectral survey system for obtaining data on scanned biological objects in many spectral ranges and with several possible variants of assembling a system with different types of surface illumination with point light and diffuse illumination. The implementation of the technology through the use of a diffused light source provides the diffuse illumination of a biological object with pronounced symptoms of rarefaction on the surface of a biological object—in this case, potato tubers, due to the presence of signs of disease on the potato peel, as well as their deformation. Using broadband lamps, a short-pass filter is located between the source and the object (λ ≤ 400 nm, λ may vary depending on the excitation length), and a long-pass filter (λ ≥ 400 nm) between the root or onion and the chamber. The use of a vision system with a created database containing models of real defects in potato tubers showed a high sorting efficiency, providing an accuracy of sorting by size of 95.4%, and an accuracy by the presence of defects of 93.1%.

Known technologies and methods for obtaining virus-free potato mini-tubers of a required size fraction do not fully provide the highest multiplication factor, which occurs due to the insufficient productivity of an individual potato plant. On the basis of long-term experimental data (2012…2022), an assessment of the effectiveness of methods for growing potato mini-tubers in open and protected ground conditions is given. According to the number of tubers harvested from one plant, all growing methods can be divided into two large groups: traditional (3-12 potatoes per plant) and modified (more than 40 potatoes per plant). A highly efficient method has been developed for obtaining mini-tubers of potatoes harvested as they grow on soil substrates with an average annual productivity of at least 50 mini-tubers from one micro-tuber and 40 mini-tubers from one virus-free plant (with traditional substrate methods – from 3 to 10 mini-tubers). Based on this method, there has been created a substrate technological module of a new generation harvesting tubers as they grow which makes it possible to obtain an average of 40 to 55 mini-tubers from one virus-free plant over the years, that is almost 10 times more in comparison with traditional methods of growing with a single harvest at the end of vegetation. Harvesting mini-tubers as they grow up to a required size creates the possibility of obtaining tubers of one size fraction (10-25 g), which allows later, when laying the nursery of the first field reproduction, to apply mechanized planting in the field and obtain uniform seedlings.

Relevance. In order to obtain high-quality seed material, seed farms should pay great attention to crop cultivation technologies. At the same time, an important role is played by the implementation of such breeding measure as phyto-cleaning of breeding and seed plots, in order to identify and eliminate infected plants. However, it is worth noting the fact that the implementation of such measure requires the presence of highly qualified specialists capable of detecting plant diseases at early stages. However, currently there is a shortage of such employees in agriculture, and therefore the development of innovative digital technologies aimed at detecting infected plants is an urgent task. Currently, machine vision and neural network technologies designed to solve such problems are actively developing.Methods. As part of the research, existing machine vision technologies were analyzed, as well as developed machine learning technologies. Then, based on the analysis, a software package based on a convolutional neural network was developed. During the training and testing of the neural network, framing technologies, affine transformation methods, information and logical analysis of the initial information were used.Results. To determine the quality of the software package for the identification of diseased potato plants, a series of tests was conducted. During the research, the accuracy with which the distribution of plants to a particular group was carried out was evaluated. The analysis of the results showed that the chosen neural network design successfully coped with the experimental task. At the same time, for the further development of this direction, it is necessary to create an extensive information base on potato diseases. That will allow in the future to develop a software and hardware complex for the analysis of potato plantings and the identification of infected plants in real time.

One of the most important problems during the implementation of any technology is to reduce labor costs, energy, and resource conservation while increasing the yield of cultivated crops and, as a result, reducing the cost of production. Despite a significant amount of scientific research devoted to the problem of energy and resource conservation in the cultivation and harvesting of agricultural crops and the development of mechanization tools that ensure the high-quality performance of technological operations, there remain issues that have not been fully resolved to date. In addition, not all the results of known theoretical and experimental studies can be directly applied to intensify the process of harvesting root crops since the quality indicators of marketable products depend on the type and technological parameters of the separating working bodies. This article presents the design of a rod elevator with an adjustable angle of inclination of the web, which reduces damage to commercial products of root crops and bulbs with maximum completeness of separation. A laboratory facility has been developed to substantiate the design and technological parameters of a separating system with an adjustable web inclination angle. Based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies, a machine for harvesting onions with an adjustable blade inclination angle has been developed, which provides an increase in the quality indicators of onion harvesting at optimal values of the parameters: (1) translational speed of movement of the rod elevator with an adjustable web inclination angle of 1.7 m/s with a 98.4% completeness of separation and 1.7% damage to the bulbs; (2) translational speed of the movement of the machine for harvesting root crops and onions 1.0 m/s with a 98.5% separation completeness and 1.1% damage to the bulbs; (3) digging depth of the digging plowshare equal to 0.02 m, with an onion heap separation completeness of more than 98% and product damage of less than 1.4%. The results of theoretical and experimental studies of a rod elevator to substantiate the design and technological parameters during its interaction with a heap of onion are presented. Basic design and technological parameters of the studied rod elevator are substantiated, namely, the distance S1 of the movement of the rod of the actuators, the angle a1 of the longitudinal inclination of the surface of the rod elevator relative to the horizon, and differential equations of motion of the onion-sowing pile element on the surface of the rod elevator with an adjustable angle of inclination of the web.