Lucas Farias De Sousa

Flow is one of the hydrological variables of greatest interest due to its connection with water availability and its multiple uses. However, in recent years this resource has been threatened by intense land use and climate change, affecting patterns previously considered to be stationary. The goal of this study was to evaluate trends in changes of patterns of flow, precipitation, and land use in a basin located in the Brazilian Cerrado. 33 years of rainfall, fluviometric, and land use data were used, covering the period of 1985 to 2018 on an annual scale. Mann-Kendall and Sen Slope’s nonparametric test was applied to evaluate the trends in temporal series, as well as the Spearman Rho and Pettit, which were used to analyze the correlations between variables and detect the point of change in the series, respectively. The results show statistically significant trends in flow reduction over time. At the same time, a considerable reduction in natural areas occurred, with an increase of +750% in agricultural areas. The results also show that although a tendency to reduce precipitation was detected, its magnitude was not significant, with land use changes being the main factor for the negative changes in the flow of the Rio Grande tributary.

The adequacy of working conditions to safety standards has a fundamental importance in the company's environment. The efficient implementation of an Occupational Health and Safety Management System allows the reduction of risks associated with accidents; reduce costs to the employer and a strong ally in the competitive market when the safety indicator is a decisive factor in the choice of suppliers. The aim of this study was to evaluate occupational safety and health (OSH) practices at work in a plastic recycling plant located in northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify opportunities for improvement. Data collection was carried out from on-site visits and control measures were proposed for the risk factors identified. The evaluation made it possible to identify that the recycling activity is characterized by several occupational hazards, which are aggravated by inadequate working conditions. The non-conformity of jobs, the use of obsolete equipment and the lack of specific training to perform certain functions were identified as the most relevant aspects. For these, opportunities for improvement and adequation were connected. The study results can help other companies that perform the same activities to improve their performance in OSH based on the points of improvement presented.

A chuva é um fator ativo na erosão hídrica, sendo esta a mais danosa erosão para solos e água. Diversos métodos foram desenvolvidos para estimar o potencial da precipitação em desagregar partículas dos solos. Neste sentido, objetivo deste trabalho é estimar e mapear o potencial erosivo das chuvas, bem como o período de retorno e probabilidade de ocorrência na bacia hidrográfica dos Rios Galheirão e Roda Velha, situada no oeste da Bahia. Foram utilizados dados fornecidos de 14 estações convencionais da Agencia Nacional de águas e 20 pontos estimados por sensores orbitais (TRMM) disponibilizados pela Empresa Brasileira de Agropecuária. Os dados foram inseridos em fórmulas e posteriormente distribuídos espacialmente em ambiente SIG. Para análise comparativa dos resultados encontrados com o cenário de uso e ocupação do solo, foi utilizado o mapa disponibilizado pelo Mapbiomas. Os resultados indicam a estimativa de erosividade anual com valores de até 13,536.28 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1 por ano. A região oeste da bacia possui os maiores índices erosivos nas áreas de intensa atividade agrícola, sendo mais intensa nos meses de maior lâmina precipitada. Os índices erosivos da bacia hidrográfica são considerados de baixa e média erosividade. Estimation of rain erosion (R) in a tropical basin in western Bahia Rain is an active factor in water erosion, which is the most damaging erosion to soil and water. Several methods have been developed to estimate the potential of precipitation to break down soil particles. In this sense, the objective of this work is to estimate and map the erosive potential of the rains as well as the period of return and probability of occurrence in the hydrographic basin of the Rivers Galheirão and Roda Velha, located in the west of Bahia. Data provided from 14 conventional stations of the National Water Agency were used, 20 points estimated by orbital sensors (TRMM) made available by the Brazilian Agricultural Company, the data were inserted in formulas and later distributed spatially in a GIS environment. For comparative analysis of the results found the map provided by Mapbiomas was used with the land use and occupation scenario. The results indicate the annual erosivity estimate with values of up to 13,536.28 MJ.mm.ha-1.h-1 per year. Since the western region of the basin has the highest erosion rates that correspond to the areas of intense agricultural activity, being more intense in the months of greater precipitated depth. The erosive indices of the hydrographic basin are considered of low and medium erosivity.

The production of cosmetics has received attention due to the high demand for beauty and personal care items. In contrast, negative interferences are related to this sector, from obtaining the raw material to the final disposal of packaging. This study aimed to identify critical points and opportunities for environmental improvements in the cosmetic industry in southern Bahia based on the principles of Cleaner Production (CP). The methodology used was based on the principles of Cleaner Production proposed by UNEP/UNIDO and the data collection was carried out through on-site visits including consultation to the company’s files. Also was realized a cross-analysis of the study results with elements identified in the literature that allowed the identification and discussion of CP opportunities, as well as suggestions for improvements to the critical points found. The consumption of raw materials and the generation of solid waste were aspects with more critical points. The refuse of material and inadequate destination of solid residues (oil drums, pallets, among others), as well as the replacement of raw materials by alternative and renewable sources, reverse logistics implementation and redesign of the packaging process were the opportunities for improvement aimed. Other critical points were related to the consumption of water, energy and generation of atmospheric gases. The suggested proposals can promote the reduction in material waste, rework and productivity gains. In addition, they serve as a subsidy and direct environmentally actions more appropriate, once the "clean beauty industry" seems to be a growing trend and a business opportunity, as well as can be requested by environmentally responsible customers in some moments.

Hydrological modeling presents itself as a fundamental tool for the management and management of water resources, since it helps to understand the flow of water, sediments and contaminants in a hydrographic basin. The Correntina River basin, located in the western region of Bahia, has been undergoing an intense process of alteration in its landscape motivated by the expansion of agricultural areas in the region, requiring the adoption of instruments for studies that assess the environmental impacts mainly on surface water resources. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the SWAT model for representing the hydrological behavior in the hydrographic basin of the Correntina River, using the SWAT-CUP for automatic calibration and validation. Statistical performance coefficients attested the model's capacity for hydrological simulations in this basin on a monthly time scale, with KGE, Pbias, NSE and R² showing values ​​of 0.69, 0.57, 0.5% and 0.74 in the calibration stage, and 0.73, -3.95 %, 0.64 and 0.76 in the validation step, respectively. In addition, the SWAT was also shown to be suitable for simulating the permanence curves, characterizing the model as a good tool to aid the management of water resources in the basin under study. Subsequent studies will make it possible to analyze the impacts of land use and climate change on the hydrological behavior of the basin under study.

Para a construção de barragens, dimensionamento de sistemas de drenagem de águas pluviais, obras hidráulicas e de contenção de cheias, garantindo projetos seguros e economicamente viáveis, é necessário o conhecimento da relação intensidade, a duração e a frequência (IDF), sendo primordial a realização de estudos hidrológicos baseados em longas séries históricas de dados adquiridos através de estações pluviométricas. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo modelar as relações IDF das chuvas para a cidade de Itabuna, localizado no Sul da Bahia. Foi utilizada uma série histórica contínua de 26 anos de dados pluviométricos disponíveis na plataforma de informações hidrológicas da Agência Nacional de Águas. Para estimar a intensidade de precipitação, foram considerados os tempos de retorno de 2, 10, 20, 50 e 100 anos, e as durações de 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 360 e 1440 minutos, aplicando a distribuição probabilística de Gumbel, com aderência aos dados previamente checada pelo teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov a 5% de probabilidade. O estudo permitiu a estimativa dos parâmetros da equação de chuvas intensas através do método Gradiente Reduzido Generalizado e a determinação das curvas IDF para a região analisada. A equação calibrada apresentou alta confiabilidade segundo os coeficientes estatísticos de desempenho, podendo ser empregada na estimativa da precipitação máxima utilizada para elaboração de projetos de estruturas hidráulicas a serem implantados na região urbana do município de Itabuna.

Influence of different methods of potential evapotranspiration estimation in the catolé grande river flow using the swat model / Influência de diferentes métodos de estimativa de evapotranspiração potencial na vazão do rio catolé grande usando o modelo swat

O presente estudo objetivou dimensionar um reservatório de regularização de vazão para atender as demandas no município de Itabuna – Bahia a partir de imagens de satélites. Para tal, foi estimada a população no ano de 2037 e sua demanda hídrica. A classificação supervisionada da carta do Landsat 8 de 2017 foi produzida para avaliação da área de estudo. O dimensionamento do reservatório foi realizado a partir da análise das curvas de nível. O mapa gerado a partir dessa análise foi sobreposto ao mapa de uso do solo para identificação e quantificação das classes alagadas. A população estimada para o ano de 2037 foi de 246.755 habitantes, para atender essa população o reservatório deve armazenar um volume de 53,29 hm³ e altura de 14 metros, mantendo uma vazão de 1,33 m³/s. A área alagada do reservatório foi de 1548 ha sendo que 1449 ha são áreas de pastagem e 99 ha de fragmentos florestais. O dimensionamento proposto, além de atender a demanda da população estimada, apresenta uma área de alagamento que 96,8% da cobertura vegetal, composta por pastagem, desta forma o trecho é o mais recomendado para construção do reservatório.