Muhammad Faizan

Background The most important factor in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was the provision of safe and effective vaccines. The acceptance of vaccines is impacted by several variables, including beliefs about the vaccine’s safety and adverse effects. Vaccine side effects can vary depending on the type, but they are often moderate, localized, transient, and self-limiting. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of side effects experienced after receiving the Sinovac vaccine by participants hypertensive and non-hypertensive participants. Methodology This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study that was performed using non-probability sampling. The study duration was six months from May 1, 2022, to October 31, 2022. The study involved 600 individuals who had either received the first or second dose of the Sinovac vaccine. For categorical data, frequencies and percentages were documented. The chi-square test was applied to determine the association between local and systemic side effects among hypertensive and non-hypertensive participants. Results The study findings showed that out of 600 participants, there were 187 (62.3%) males and 113 (37.7%) females with hypertension, and 222 (74.0%) males and 78 (26.0%) females without hypertension, with a significant association (p = 0.002). Following the first dose of the Sinovac vaccine, fever was the most commonly reported side effect in 153 (51.0%) hypertensive participants and 62 (20.7%) non-hypertensive participants, with a significant association (p < 0.001). Similarly, following the second dose of the Sinovac vaccine, fever was the most commonly reported side effect in 108 (36.0%) hypertensive participants and 57 (19.0%) non-hypertensive participants, with a significant association (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study concluded that the presence of hypertension significantly increased the manifestations of local and systemic side effects compared with non-hypertensive participants. Moreover, fever, pain, and swelling at the injection site were the most commonly reported side effects after receiving the first and second doses of the Sinovac vaccine.

Carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CORMs) are promising candidates for producing carbon monoxide in the mammalian body for therapeutic purposes. At higher concentrations, CO has a harmful effect on the mammalian organism. However, lower doses at a controlled rate can provide cellular signaling for mandatory pharmacokinetic and pathological activities. To date, exploring the therapeutic implications of CO dose as a prodrug has attracted much attention due to its therapeutic significance. There are two different methods of CO insertion, i.e., indirect and direct exogenous insertion. Indirect exogenous insertion of CO suggests an advantage of reduced toxicity over direct exogenous insertion. For indirect exogenous insertion, researchers are facing the issue of tissue selectivity. To solve this issue, developers have considered the newly produced CORMs. Herein, metal carbonyl complexes (MCCs) are covalently linked with CO molecules to produce different CORMs such as CORM-1, CORM-2, and CORM-3, etc. All these CORMs required exogenous CO insertion to achieve the therapeutic targets at the optimized rate under peculiar conditions or/and triggering. Meanwhile, the metal residue was generated from i-CORMs, which can propagate toxicity. Herein, we explain CO administration, water-soluble CORMs, tissue accumulation, and cytotoxicity of depleted CORMs and the kinetic profile of CO release. Graphical Abstract

Since the outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, it has dramatically changed the global geopolitics, economics, and even society standard norms. The present world scenario is changed regarding business, traveling, and education. Rapid global dissemination and the high mortality rate of coronaviruses are the greatest challenges for drug developers. It will be moving forward toward the identification and treatment of emerging coronaviruses with the aid of nanotechnology. The COVID-19 pandemic raised the question of researchers’ capability to manage this dilemma in a short period. In the present review, we described how hallow material could be developed as a pro-drug that shows an excellent therapeutic effect. Hollow nanoparticles that exploration of antiviral or diagnostic agents against emerging coronaviruses. Hollow nanomaterials in vaccine development are essential because hollow nanocomposites are suitable for mimicking viral structures and antigen delivery. A biosensor that generates a signal from a transducer for comparing and analyzing biological conjugates such as cell receptors, antibodies, RNA, DNA, and nucleic acids. Different biosensors, such as graphene-based biosensors, nanoplasmonic sensor chips, nanomaterial biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, dual modality biosensors, and optical biosensors, have several advantages, characteristics, and a wide range of applications, most remarkably in medical treatment and are used for monitoring and diagnosis. This review focuses on modern experimental studies to identify intelligent and innovative bio/nanomaterials and matrices for developing targeted and controlled drug release systems, nanosensors and nanovaccines to combat pathogenic viruses.

In recent work, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as ionic liquid analogues have been abundantly used in catalysis. Herein, vanadium phosphorus oxide (VPO) catalysts were synthesized from mono-, bi-, and tri- metallic DES of Nb, Zr, and Mo metal dopants as structure-directing agents and electronic promoters for n-butane selective oxidation towards maleic anhydride. Higher MA selectivity and larger n-butane conversion was successfully obtained using the newly developed catalysts, while oxidation by-product CO_x (CO, CO₂) was minimized. Characterization techniques including FTIR, DSC, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDS, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, XPS, and NH₃-TPD were employed to fully characterize the DESs, precursors and catalysts. This work led to an increase of 7.8% in MA mass yield with 16% more n-butane conversion as compared to an unpromoted VPO catalyst. Moreover, the utilization of a low-carbon alkane brought in a green impact on the chemical plant as well as the environment.

Purpose of the study: This study was designed to explore the knowledge, attitude, and practices of teachers toward ADHD students. The objectives of the study were to document the knowledge, attitude, and practices of the teachers regarding ADHD, to find out the difference between knowledge attitude and practices among different strata of teachers, and to find out the effect of age, experience, and qualification on knowledge, attitude, and practices of teachers towards ADHD. Methodology: Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 600 primary school teachers from 2469 primary school teachers of district Haripur. This instrument contained 29 statements. This scale has three dimensions. Knowledge (statements 1-17), Attitude (statements18-35), and Practices (statements 36-52). The Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient for the questionnaire was 0.76 which was got through the pilot study conducted on sixty teachers. Main findings: The results indicate that overall practices of teachers are the highest in comparison to Knowledge and Attitude. There was no significant difference between knowledge, practices, and attitudes about ADHD between different strata i-e Urban and Rural area primary teachers, Male and Female primary teachers, and public and Private primary teachers. Furthermore, experience, Age, and Qualification have a profound influence on primary teachers’ knowledge regarding ADHD. Teachers’ Qualification has a profound influence over primary teacher’s Attitude towards students with ADHD. Thus, qualification has a profound influence over primary teacher’s practices towards students with ADHD. Applications of the study: This study is applicable in the field of primary education where the teachers are assessed to find out their knowledge, attitude, and practices towards ADHD students. Novelty originality of this study: Much of the research is conducted in mainstream education but this research specifically explores the knowledge, attitude of teachers towards ADHD students. Therefore, this research is a torchbearer in this particular area of education.