Yan Liu

Background: 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been introduced in Hangzhou since 2017, whereas its current immunization state in children is not clear. Therefore, this study aims to describe the PCV13 vaccination distribution among children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021 to provide data for reducing vaccination differences among different populations.Methods: Descriptive epidemiology was used for data analysis and PCV13 vaccination related information of children was collected from children vaccination management system of Zhejiang Province (ZJCVMS).Results: Among the 649,949 children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021, 169,230 were vaccinated with an average full course vaccination rate of 26.0%. The full course vaccination rates in 5 years were different (P = 0.000) with an increasing trend (P_fortrend < 0.01). The first dose vaccination rates were different in 5 years (P = 0.000) with an increasing trend (P_fortrend < 0.01). The distribution of age when first dose PCV13 was administered varied, most people at 2 months and least people at 5 months. The full course vaccination rate varied by areas, highest in central urban areas and lowest in remote areas respectively (all P-value < 0.05). Overall, the full course vaccination rate of PCV13 was higher in the registered residence population than the non-registered residence population, which was 136,693 (31.4%) and 32,537 (15.1%) respectively (P = 0.000). The full course vaccination rates were the same between men and women (P = 0.502), which was 87,844 for men (26.0%) and 81,386 for women (26.1%).Conclusion: Although the number of people who received PCV13 full course vaccination and received the first dose vaccination showed yearly increasing trends in Hangzhou, the full course vaccination rate for the whole population was relatively low. In addition, the PCV13 vaccination rates also differed by geography and household registration status. Measures such as expanding vaccination publicity or including national immunization should be taken to increase vaccination rates and reduce the differences in vaccination among groups with different characteristics.

Background: Although influenza vaccination is recommended for people aged 70 and above in Hangzhou, and the vaccine is provided free of charge, the elderly influenza vaccination rate is still low. The purpose of this study was to understand the barriers and motivations of older people in deciding to receive free influenza vaccine through questionnaires.Methods: The method of stratified random sampling was adopted to take samples. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the elderly aged 70 years and above by face-to-face interview or telephone interview.Results: A total of 11,663 elderly people aged 70–100 years were successfully and effectively interviewed. 85.98% of the respondent were willing to get the influenza shot, 8.91% were unwilling to get the influenza shot, and 5.11% were on vaccine hesitancy. The people of age of 70–79 years old (hesitancy: OR_70~79 = 0.668, 95%CI: 0.571 0.782, Unwilling: OR_{70 − 79} = 0.755, 95%CI: 0.622 0.916), primary school degree or below (hesitancy: OR_{Secondary school degree or above} = 1.467, 95%CI: 1.249 1.724, Unwilling: OR_{Secondary school degree or above} = 1.255, 95%CI: 1.028 1.535), remote areas (hesitancy: OR_{near central urban area} = 2.111, 95%CI: 1.604 2.778, OR_{central urban area} = 2.957, 95%CI: 2.255 3.877, Unwilling: OR_{near central urban area} = 1.687, 95%CI: 1.230 2.313. OR_{centralurbanarea} = 2.218, 95%CI: 1.626 3.027), and convenient for movement (hesitancy: OR_yes = 0.494, 95%CI: 0.420 0.580, Unwilling: OR_yes = 0.585, 95%CI: 0.480 0.713), understanding of the free vaccine policy (hesitancy: OR_understand = 0.204, 95%CI: 0.171 0.245, Unwilling: OR_understand = 0.164, 95%CI: 0.128 0.210), influenza knowledge level≥ 13 points (hesitancy: OR_≥13points = 0.628, 95%CI: 0.533 0.739, Unwilling: OR_≥13points = 0.538, 95%CI: 0.437 0.662), influenza vaccine knowledge level≥ 12 points (hesitancy: OR_≥12points = 0.422, 95%CI: 0.350 0.508, Unwilling: OR_≥12points = 0.370, 95%CI: 0.290 0.472), and social trust level ≥ 12 points (hesitancy: OR_≥12points = 0.134, 95%CI: 0.112 0.160, Unwilling: OR_≥12points = 0.220, 95%CI: 0.180 0.269) are more willing to receive free influenza vaccine.Conclusion: The proportion of elderly people aged 70 and above who are willing to receive free influenza vaccine is high in Hangzhou. But the level of knowledge about influenza, vaccine and trust in society is low. The government should continue to improve the elderly's awareness and trust in society through medical staff, family members, television and radio media, and guide the elderly to actively vaccinate against influenza. Effective publicity should be carried out through the above channels to guide the elderly to actively vaccinate against influenza.

College students are one of the susceptible population of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We aim to delineate HBV infection seromarkers among college freshmen and to evaluate immunological respo...

Objectives More and more premature infants were born worldwide that are suffering from various complications, vaccination for whom is often delayed in China. We aim to describe current vaccination recommendations in practice, immunization status, and vaccination safety for premature infants in Zhejiang. Methods The demographic information, medical records of treatments, and adverse events following immunization (AEFI) history were collected from infants' parents by questionnaire in the Vaccination Consultation Clinic(VCC). Vaccination data were retrieved from Zhejiang Provincial Immunization Information System. The information of AEFI was collected from the Chinese National Adverse Event Following Immunization Information System. Results A total of 1515 premature infants visiting the VCC were included in the study. The majority (65.94%) of them were under 7 months. 47.59% of premature infants were advised to receive normal vaccinations, while 45.94% were advised to defer a specific vaccination and 6.47% were advised to defer all vaccinations. A total of 807 infants received 7187 vaccine doses were administered and only seven cases experienced mild and self-limiting adverse reactions (9.74/10,000). No uncommon or serious side effects were reported. Conclusion Most premature infants visiting the VCC did not receive vaccines on time. The majority of them can be safely vaccinated according to the national-recommended schedule.

Although China’s Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) provides two doses of group A meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV-A) for children younger than 2 y, more self-paying group A and group ...

The varicella vaccine (VarV) is not included in the national childhood immunization schedules in China, although 2-dose VarV (VarV2) were recommended for children at 1 and 4 years of age in Hangzho...

23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) has been used to prevent pneumococcal disease, and PPSV23 became available in 2003 in Hangzhou, China as a private-sector, vaccinee-chosen vac...

Objective: To delineate seroepidemiology of pertussis in Hangzhou, to evaluate the protection levels of pertussis among healthy populations, for improving prevention strategy of pertussis.Methods: During 2009–2017, a multistage stratified random sampling method was employed to select participants included via physical examination for subjects in several Community Health Centers in Hangzhou. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was used to detect Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against pertussis in serum samples. Results were compared among 11 age groups. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to analyze the associations among the rates of pertussis IgG seropositivity and the geometric mean concentration (GMC) levels of pertussis IgG and the related factors.Results: A total of 3360 subjects with available information were included, with 1745 male and 1615 female. Of these, 59.6% subjects had a clear immunization history of diphtheria–tetanus–pertussis vaccine (DTP). The vaccination rates of DTP had a declined trend with older age. The rate of pertussis IgG seropositivity was 69.9% (95% confidence interval: 68.3–71.5) and the GMC for pertussis IgG was 48.46 U/ml. Significantly higher seropositivity and GMC for pertussis IgG were found in subjects that had inoculation vaccine history or unknown history when compared those without inoculation of vaccine, lower in age groups <10, 20–29, and 30–39 y when compared to the other age groups evaluated.Conclusions: There are different distribution profiles both of the seropositivity and GMC for pertussis IgG for different age groups and immunization history of vaccine groups. In order to prevent pertussis occurrence, it is important to employ a booster dose of pertussis vaccine in adolescents and adults.