Oceana Francis

One method of estimating the evaporation rate (ER) is to use a variety of evaporation pans, such as the Class A standard evaporation pan (CASEP) and the Colorado Sanken standard evaporation pan (CSSEP). In this study, the rate of evaporation of CASEP and CSSEP have been investigated and compared with each other. This study was conducted in Semnan, Iran. CSSEP was used as a test pan, which was performed in an open space around the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Semnan University. Evaporation was recorded daily for 123 days. The evaporation of the CASEP pan was obtained from the synoptic station of Semnan, which is located at a distance of 2.39 km from the test site. Meteorological data were also obtained from the synoptic station of Semnan and compared with experimental evaporation data. The results of this study showed that the daily ER from CASEP and CSSEP in the tested time periods were not significantly different. Based on the Klomogorov-Sminrov method, the best statistical distributions for CASEP and CSSEP were calculated as Error and Gamma, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R 2 ) between the two pans was estimated to be about 93%. Also, by examining the ER with other meteorological data, it was observed that the ER has the highest correlation with the average daily air temperature.

From many sources, we develop an ocean hazard classification scheme (OHCS) based on the collection of historical and projected ocean hazards data at 302 locations along Hawaii’s state coastal highways. The OHCS identifies ocean hazards impacting coastal built infrastructure, i.e. roadways. In the OHCS, we first rank the vulnerability of: sea level rise; waves; shoreline change; tsunami; and storm surge. Next, using our developed OHCS, provide the vulnerability ranking for all five variables combined. We find the highest OHCS to be on Molokai, the island that has the highest OHCS numbers for most of the island. For the majority of state highway locations in Hawaii, we find the highest vulnerability is from storm surge, with tsunami threat being the second largest contributor. Sea level rise should also be considered a contributor since higher sea levels contribute to more extreme storm surge and tsunami inundation. Although the OHCS is applied towards roads in our study, our method can be applied towards any coastal island-based built infrastructure vulnerability scheme. This is an important tool in planning for future construction projects or identifying which hazards to focus on in more detailed assessments, such a probabilistic risk assessment in a more localized location.