Ahlem Dib

Industrial almond by-products (ABPs, almond oil cake) and tomato by-products (TBPs, mixture of peel and seeds) are nutrient-rich residues that could enhance the nutritional value of gluten-free pasta and support sustainable waste reduction. This study investigated the impacts of ABP or TBP incorporation and the extrusion screw speed on rice-based pasta quality. Rice pasta (control) and pasta enriched with ABP or TBP at different rates (2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0%) were processed by extrusion-cooking at two screw speeds (50 and 90 rpm), and their quality (cooking loss, water absorption capacity, hardness, firmness, adhesiveness and color) was evaluated, as well as energy requirements during processing (specific mechanical energy (SME)). The results showed that an increase in the ABP and TBP rates had a more pronounced positive effect on cooking loss, water absorption capacity, yellowness and redness values. Moreover, comparable hardness and firmness, but lower adhesiveness values, were recorded in cooked rice–ABP-enriched pasta. However, cooked pasta enriched with TBP had lower hardness than the control pasta. Regarding energy consumption, pasta processed with a higher by-product rate at a higher screw speed showed similar SME as compared to the control pasta. In this regard, ABP can be used successfully from 7.5 to 10.0% in rice–ABP pasta formulations without compromising its technological properties. However, the optimization of the additive rate of TBP requires further study.

Prickly pear (Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.) is a rich source of vitamins C, B₁, B₂, A, and E, minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus, as well as bioactive substances, i.e., carotenoids, betalains, and phenolic compounds. Of these, the phenolic acids, betalains, and flavonoids are notable in that they are largely responsible for the health-promoting properties of this plant. The purpose of the presented research was to first determine the antioxidant properties and the content of polyphenolic compounds (including individual phenolic acids) in prickly pear fruit, then to produce an innovative gluten-free pasta from rice-field bean flour enriched with various amounts of pear prickly fruit. The content of free phenolic acids, the sum of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of pasta were subsequently determined in the supplemented pasta. Chromatographic analysis (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) showed a wide variety of phenolic acids. In the fruit sample, 14 acids were detected, whereas in the pasta sample without additives, 9. The dominant acid was isoferulic. The total content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols increased with increasing content of the functional additive. Moreover, the content of individual acids generally increased as the Opuntia fruit was added. The antioxidant activity was also positively correlated with the addition of fruit, with the content of free phenolic acids and the sum of polyphenols. Our research has shown that our innovative pasta with the addition of prickly fruit can become a source of the free phenolic acids indispensable for human health.

Chestnut fruit abounds in carbohydrates, proteins, unsaturated fatty acids, fiber, polyphenolic compounds, as well as vitamins and micronutrients, that are behind the health-promoting properties of this plant. The purpose of the discussed research was to obtain innovative gluten-free pasta from rice and field bean flour enriched with a various addition of chestnut flour. Regarding the studied pasta, the following were determined: the content of free phenolic acids, total polyphenols, and antioxidant properties. Chromatographic analysis (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS (high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry)) revealed a wide variety of phenolic acids. In a sample with 20% and higher content of chestnut flour, as many as 13 acids were detected. Isoferulic acid prevailed. The total content of free phenolic acids and total polyphenols increased along with the increasing chestnut content. Moreover, in most cases, the content of individual acids increased with the addition of chestnut flour. Besides, the antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the addition of chestnut fruit flour, the content of free phenolic acids, and total polyphenols. Our research has demonstrated that our innovative gluten-free pasta, with the addition of chestnut flour, has a potential to be a source of polyphenolic compounds, including free phenolic acids, that are valuable for human health.