Virsa Handayani

Passion tree (Passiflora edulis Sims.) is a plant widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, particularly in South Sulawesi. The plant belongs to the genus Passiflora within the Passifloraceae family. Passion fruit is commonly consumed and made into a nutritious beverage, while its seed has been known as a source of natural oil in traditional medicine for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties. Passiflora Seed Oil (PSO) contains various bioactive natural products such as fatty acids, phenolics, flavonoids, and a-tocopherol. The efficiency of extracting these bioactive constituents depends on the extraction process. This study aims to determine the optimal extraction method of chemical constituents in passion fruit seed oil of phenolic, flavonoid, and a-tocopherol, focusing on variation of temperature and extraction time. The method used was a modern or green extraction, namely Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE). The extraction was performed using n-hexane as the solvent under three temperature settings: low (20°C), medium-low (36°C), and high (95°C), with extraction durations of 10 and 20 minutes. The contents of phenolic, flavonoid, and a-tocopherol were quantified using a UV-Visible Spectrophotometer at wavelengths ranging from 200 to 800 nm, specifically detecting these compounds at 432, 777, and 230 nm, respectively. The phenolic content ranged from 25.29 to 33.28 mg GAE/mL, flavonoid content ranged from 8.57 to 21.94 mg QE/mL, and a-Tocopherol content ranged from 0.27 to 1.56 mg a-TE/mL across the tested conditions. The results indicate that temperature and extraction time affect the levels of flavonoids and a-tocopherol content, while the phenolic content remains relatively unaffected.

Markisa (Passiflora edulis Sims.) merupakan tumbuhan yang menjalar berasal dari luar negeri, tergolong ke dalam tanaman genus Passiflora. Biji markisa ungu (Passiflora edulis Sims) telah digunakan secara luas, penggunaan biji buah markisa ungu (Passiflora edulis Sims) dalam pengobatan tradisional adalah sebagai antioksidan, anti inflamasi, antipiretik, aktivitas analgesik dan hipotensi. Tujuan penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui optimasi aktivitas antioksidan minyak biji markisa (Passiflora edulis Sims) dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas 2,2 Difenil 1 Pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) menggunakan pelarut n-Heksan dengan variasi suhu dan waktu. Hasil penelitian diperoleh IC50 dari minyak biji markisa yaitu pada suhu low (20°C) di waktu 10 menit sebesar 14.58µg/mL dan waktu 20 menit sebesar 7.144µg/mL, pada suhu medium low (36°C) di waktu 10 menit sebesar 4.67 µg/mL dan waktu 20 menit sebesar 2.68µg/mL, pada suhu medium (95°C) di waktu 10 menit sebesar 4.46µg/mL dan waktu 20 menit sebesar 2.26µg/mL.

An innovation is needed by using an alternative material to replace temephos as a larvicide. One of them is onion skin (Allium sp.) which can be used as a natural larvicide where the onion skin contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. The purpose of the research is to see the ekstract larvicidal activity of onion skin against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae and also to determine the concentration in which solvent is most capable as A. aegypti larvicidal agent. This study used onion skin extract (Allium sp.) obtained in the maceration process using ethanol solvent, ethyl acetate solvent and n-hexane solvents. Onion skin extract (Allium sp.) was tested for phytochemicals using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) followed by analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The research results show that the ethyl acetate extract on onion skins was most effective compared to ethanol and n-hexane solvents. Keywords : Aedes aegypti; Onion Skins; larvicides; Solvent ABSTRAK Sebuah pembaruan dibutuhkan dengan membuat pengganti temefos menjadi larvasida. Salah satunya yaitu kulit bawang bombay (Allium sp.) yang bisa digunakan sebagai larvasida alami dimana pada kulit bawang bombay mengandung senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, serta steroid. Tujuan dari penelitian yaitu untuk melihat aktivitas larvasida ekstrak kulit bawang bombay terhadap larva nyamuk A.aegypti dan juga untuk menentukan konsentrasi pada pelarut mana yang paling mampu sebagai larvasida A. aegypti. Pengujian ini memakai ekstrak kulit bawang bombay (Allium sp.) yang didapatkan pada proses maserasi pakai pelarut etanol, pelarut etil asetat dan pelarut n-heksan. Ekstrak kulit bawang bombay (Allium sp.) diuji fitokimia menggunakan KLT dan di lanjutkan dengan analisis memakai uji Kruskal-wallis. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat pada kulit bawang bombay paling efektif dibandingkan dengan pelarut etanol dan n-heksan. Kata Kunci : Aedes aegypti; Kulit Bawang Bombay; Larvasida; Pelarut

Mimosa pudica L. contains secondary metabolite compounds of alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, tannin, and saponin. The content of secondary metabolites that have the potential toxicity of Mimosa pudica herbs are alkaloids, flavonoids. This study aims to determine the toxicity of Mimosa pudica L. herb against Artemia salina Leach larvae using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. This research begins with the extraction of Mimosa pudica L. herb using ethanol 96% solvent by maceration method then phytochemical screening is carried out which shows the Mimosa pudica L. herb sample contains flavanoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids. Toxicity test of ethanol extract of Mimosa pudica L. herb against Artemia salina Leach is divided into 6 test groups i.e 5 treatment groups (Concentration of 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, and 750 ppm) and 1 control group. Each concentration was made in 3 vials which has inserted 10 Artemia salina Leach larvae after treatment for 24 hours. The results of the study can be seen through probit analysis by calculating LC50. The LC50 value of ethanol extract of Mimosa pudica L. herb was LC50 61.517 µg/mL. This indicates that the ethanol extract of Mimosa pudica L. herb has a toxic effect on Artemia salina Leach larvae because the LC50 value is <1000 ppm. Keywords : Toxicity Test; Mimosa pudica Herb; Artemia salina Leach; Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) ABSTRAK Putri malu memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder golongan alkaloid, flavonoid, steroid, tanin, dan saponin. Kandungan metabolit skunder yang memiliki potensi toksistas dari herba putri malu yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui toksisitas dari herba putri malu (Mimosa pudica L.) terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Penelitian ini diawali dengan melakukan ekstraksi herba putri malu menggunakan pelarut etanol 96% dengan metode maserasi kemudian dilakukan skrining fitokimia yang menujukkan sampel herba putri malu mengandung flavanoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin, steroid. Pengujian toksisitas ekstrak etanol herba putri malu terhadap Artemia salina Leach dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok uji yaitu 5 kelompok perlakuan (Konsentrasi 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 250 ppm, 500 ppm, dan 750 ppm) dan 1 kelompok kontrol. Masing – masing konsentrasi dibuat dalam 3 vial yang dimasukkan 10 ekor larva Artemia salina Leach setelah perlakuan selama 24 jam. Hasil penelitian dapat dilihat melalui analisa probit dengan menghitung LC50. Nilai LC50 dari ekstrak etanol herba putri malu sebesar LC50 61,517 µg/mL. Hal tersebut menujukan bahwa ekstrak etanol herba putri malu memiliki efek toksik terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach karena nilai LC50 <1000 ppm. Kata Kunci : Uji Toksisitas; Herba Putri Malu; Artemia salina Lecah; Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT).

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is a multipurpose plant that comes from the Myristicaceae family and has properties to treat indigestion, diarrhea, plague parasites and rheumatism. Nutmeg bark contains secondary metabolite compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins. This study aims to determine the toxicity effect and Lethal Concentration (LC50) value of ethanol extract of nutmeg stem bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt) on Artemia salina Leach larvae. The extraction method used was reflux using ethanol 96% solvent. The ethanol extract of Nutmeg bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt) was made with a concentration series of 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm and toxicity test was carried out using Artemia salina Leach larvae, then calculated the percent mortality of larvae using Probit analysis. The test results showed that ethanol extract of Nutmeg bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt) at concentration of 1500 ppm caused the highest larval mortality with a total of 29 larval deaths. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of nutmeg bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt) has a toxic effect on Artemia salina Leach larvae and the Lethal concentration (LC50) value of the ethanol extract of nutmeg bark (Myristica fragrans Houttt) is 226.986 µg/mL so it is in the toxic category. Keywords: Toxicity, Nutmeg bark (Myristica fragrans Houtt), Artemia salina Leach. ABSTRAK Tanaman pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) merupakan tanaman multiguna yang berasal dari family Myristicaceae dan memiliki khasiat untuk mengobati gangguan pencernaan, diare, parasit wabah dan rematik. Kulit batang pala mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, saponin, dan tanin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan efek toksik dan nilai Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50) ekstrak etanol kulit batang pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah refluks dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Ekstrak etanol kulit batang pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) dibuat larutan uji dengan seri konsentrasi 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm dan dilakukan pengujian toksisitas dengan menggunakan larva Artemia salina Leach, kemudian dihitung persen kematian larva menggunakan analisis probit. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol kulit batang pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) pada konsentrasi 1500 ppm menyebabkan kematian larva tertinggi dengan total kematian larva sebanyak 29 ekor. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol kulit batang pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt) memberikan efek toksik terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach dan nilai Lethal concentration (LC50) pada ekstrak etanol kulit batang pala (Myristica fragrans Houttt) yaitu 226,986 ɥg/mL sehingga masuk kategori toksik Kata Kunci : Toksisitas; Kulit batang pala (Myristica fragrans Houtt); Artemia salina Leach.

Dengen (Dillenia serrata Thumb.) merupakan tumbuhan endemik yang tumbuh liar di Sulawesi. Buahnya memiliki beberapa manfaat salah satunya sebagai obat sariawan karena memiliki kadar vitamin C tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi dan menentukan nilai parameter spesifik dan non spesifik ekstrak buah dengen (Dillenia serrata Thumb.). Sampel diperoleh dari Kecamatan Malili, Kabupaten Luwu Timur Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, dimaserasi dengan etanol 96% sebanyak 3 L kemudian dilakukan pengujian parameter spesifik dan non spesifik. Penelitian menunjukkan ekstrak buah dengen (Dillenia serrata Thumb.) memberikan hasil sesuai parameter standar umum ekstrak tumbuhan obat dengan nilai parameter spesifik sebagai berikut: ekstrak berbentuk kental, berwarna coklat pekat kehitaman, berbau khas; kadar senyawa larut dalam air yakni 16,0384%; kadar senyawa larut dalam etanol yakni 16,9811%; positif mengandung senyawa alkaloid, polifenol, flavanoid, terpenoid dan saponin; dan nilai parameter non spesifik sebagai berikut: susut pengeringan yakni 0,0615%; kadar air yakni 3,8052%; kadar abu total yakni 5,0599%, kadar abu tidak larut dalam asam yakni 0,4807%.

Aim and objective: In this study, the free radical scavenging of tectoquinone compound isolated from leaf of Syzygium oblanceolatum (C.B. Rob.) Merr was investigated by assessing their capacity to scavenge free radicals using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Methods: The quantitative assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometric approach, with measurements taken at a wavelength of 516 nm. Results: The IC₅₀ value, representing the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the DPPH radicals, was determined to be 66.362 μg/mL, indicating a moderate free radical-scavenging activity. Conclusion: These findings suggest that tectoquinone compounds possess a discernible ability to against free radical, though further research may be necessary to optimize their potential applications in health and medicine. Peer Review History: Received: 21 August 2023; Revised: 18 September; Accepted: 9 October, Available online: 15 November 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com Received file:                             Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my

This study examined the future of Mahoni seed as an aspirant drug for treating diabetes. Mahogany seeds were washed using n-hexane solvent and followed by ethanol solvent. Extracts were measured using a standard spectrophotometric plate reader with acarbose (Glucobayâ). Glucose tolerance was tested in alloxan-challenged mice. The results indicated that the extract had potency against a-glucosidases inhibited through a non-competitive mechanism. The IC50 value of the extract is 4.7 μg/ml, which was lower than 5.7 μg/ml for acarbose and has less activity on glucose tolerance at doses of 120 and 240 mg/kg. As a conclution, purified mahogany seed extract got the ability to be developed as a new antidiabetic drug candidate.

Cordia myxa L. is empirically used as an antidiabetic medication. The aim of this study is to determine the in-vivo effect of Cordia myxa L. n-hexane fraction on reducing blood sugar levels and their relationship with the anti-free-radical activity assay using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl). The n-hexane fraction of Cordia myxa L. was used as a sample in the post-prandial assay which was analyzed using the ANOVA statistical test followed by Post-Hoc test. The results showed that there were significant in the extract using a 500 mg dose. In the anti-free-radical test using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) at maximum wavelength of 516 nm, 16.49 µg /mL IC₅₀ value was obtained. For comparison, Quercetin with IC₅₀ 0.13 µg/mL was used. This shows that the sample has strong anti-free radical inhibitory potential ranged from 10 µg/mL to 50 µg/mL. The data from the calculation showed that there is a correlation between its effect of lowering high blood sugar level and anti-free radical activity

The Wole Woe plant is one of the plants that is empirically used as traditional medicine by the Weda community in Central Halmahera Regency. The stem part of the Wole Woe plant is used to treat various diseases. This study aims to determine the toxicity of Wole Woe logs using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. This research was started by extracting Wole Woe logs using ethanol 70% solvent with the reflux method and then carried out phytochemical screening which showed that Wole Woe logs contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, and tannins compounds. Toxicity testing of Wole Woe wood stem ethanol extract against Artemia salina Leach larvae was divided into 5 test groups, namely 4 treatment groups (concentrations of 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 750 ppm, and 1000 ppm) and 1 control or comparison group (sea water). Each concentration was made in 3 vials containing 10 larvae of Artemia salina Leach. Observations were made by looking at the mortality of Artemia salina Leach larvae after 24 hours of treatment. The results of the study can be seen through probit analysis by calculating the LC₅₀ value. The LC₅₀ of the ethanol extract of Wole Woe logs is 453.942 ± 59.564 g/mL. This indicated that the ethanolic extract of Wole Woe logs had a toxic effect on Artemia salina Leach larvae because the LC₅₀ value was< 1000 ppm