Abdulhussain A. Abbas

One of the most advanced ways to address the risk posed by natural hazards is to analyse rainfall events in each catchment accurately. This enables experts to make informed decisions and ensure compliance with safety standards and optimal hydraulic design. Examining rainfall events in the Al-Adhaim Basin in Iraq is particularly important in this respect. By performing a frequency analysis and selecting the most suitable distribution, one can obtain likely storm hyetographs and intensity curves, and observe the harmonic behaviour of rainfall patterns. Herein, eleven theoretical probability distributions, functions, including exponential, General Extreme Value, Gumbel, Weibull, normal, log normal (3 parameters), gamma, inverse gamma, generalised gamma, and Pearson Type III were developed to simulate the properties of the observed probability using the Hyfran Plus program. The best probability distribution was selected using the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian Information Criterion. Among the evaluated probability distributions, the Gumbel distribution was objectively identified as the most appropriate for maximum-likelihood frequency analysis within the research region. In light of this, the Soil Conservation Service technique type II was used to produce synthetic storms lasting 24 hours to distribute rainfall depth, both cumulative and incremental, in the dry and semiarid region, with return periods of T = 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years. Based on these artificial storms, rainfall intensity-duration-frequency curves were produced.

The efficiency of a Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) for Sewage of Basrah University-karmat Ali Campus was assessed. The experiments were implemented using a laboratory-scale SBR cylindrical with geometric volume of 10L and a working volume of 7L. The SBR system ran for 12 hours, with five stages every cycle regulated by an automatic timing device: 0.5 hour fill, (6-10) hours respond, 1 hour settle, 0.5 hour draw, and (0-4) hours idle. The results during the SBR treatment showed the optimal operation condition were aeration time of 8h, dissolved oxygen 4mg/l, hydraulic retention time 0.7 day and F/M 0.18. The efficiency of the treatment technique was tested by ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), TDS, phosphates (PO₄−P), chloride (Cl^-), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and sulphates (SO₄⁻²). The results of the experiments showed that the SBR removal efficiency of SO₄⁻², NH₃−N and COD and were 30.38%, 81.85% and 85.17%, respectively. When comparing the SBR effluent value to the Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraqi and WHO discharge standards, it was determined that COD concentration (77.1 mg/L) satisfies all standards except Saudi standard. While PO₄−P (1.992 mg/L) satisfies all standards. Ammonia concentration (4.9mg/l) and SO₄⁻² (441mg/L) meets Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraqi standard only, whereas Cl^- (6390 mg/l) and TDS (9350 g/l) do not meet any one of the standards.

Irrigated agriculture relies on a sufficient supply of good quality water. Since water quality is so important for so many activities, the water of the Shatt Al-Arab River was evaluated for irrigation purposes by applying water quality index (WQI) for the years 2011 to 2020 in 15 water treatment plants (WTPs) along the SAR. Six irrigation water quality variables, including electrical conductivity (EC), pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percentage sodium (Na %), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), and Kelly's ratio (KR), were taken into account for computing WQI. Applying a multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) model, the WQI value was predicted based on pH, EC, SAR, Na%, MAR, and KR values. In MLR analysis, the multiple correlation coefficient (R) was found to be 1. Many networks are created by altering the number of neurons in order to attain the minimum mean squared error (MSE) achieving best accuracy. In this research, the 6-19-1 network structure was determined as the best prediction model.

The Basrah province (southern of Iraq) was interested in establishing desalination plants to provide drinking water due to the high levels of salinity in its water resources. This work was carried out in order to evaluate and simulate the functionality of the reverse osmosis plant in the Al-Maqal...

Shatt Al-Arab River in Basrah province, Iraq, was assessed by applying comprehensive pollution index (CPI) at fifteen sampling locations from 2011 to 2020, taking into consideration twelve physicochemical parameters which included pH, Tur., TDS, EC, TH, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Alk., SO4-2, and Cl-....

This study aims to evaluate the performance of the sewage treatment plant in Al-Thagher city, in the north of Basrah governorate, the southern part of Iraq. The plant’s performance was estimated based on an analysis of influent and effluent wastewater quality data that represented the monthly averages from Feb. 2017 to Dec. 2018. The results show that the values of temperature (T), pH, ammonia (NH₃–N), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD) in all collected samples from the effluent of the plant met the Iraqi water quality standard (IWQS), whereas the values of electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), sulfate (SO₄^–2), chloride (Cl^–1) and phosphate (PO₄–P) met the Iraqi water quality standard (IWQS) in some months and did not meet the standard in other months. The average removal efficiencies were in the following order: COD (77.12%) > BOD (77.03%) > TSS (62.26%) > NH₃–N (59.99%) > PO₄–P (12.42%) > Cl^–1 (1.97%). The removal percentages for the remaining parameters had negative values. The Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality index (CCME WQI) value of the treated water was 51.80 and classified as “marginal.” The coefficients of determination between each parameter in influent or effluent were calculated. Finally, linear regression equations between these parameters were formulated so that the value of one parameter could be used to predict the value of a different parameter.

Recently, the Shatt Al-Arab River has suffered from increased salinization of its water due to the reduction of freshwater from its tributaries, mainly from the Tigris River, which has resulted in long-distance salinity intrusion. Therefore, there is a need to establish a regulator in the Abu-Flus district to prevent salt intrusion. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of a proposed regulator on the Shatt Al-Arab River with simulations using the Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) model. The upstream boundary conditions were the daily discharges of Tigris River and the downstream boundary conditions were the hourly water stages of the Shatt Al-Arab River. The river model was operated by using the daily discharges recorded in 2014 for calibration and verification of the model. Then, a program operated with a suggested regulator and a flood wave assumed a 200 m³/s peak flow for a duration of 27 days. The flooding occurrence period of the flood wave was investigated under the effect of three study cases of regulator gates, which were fully open (case B1), tide gate (case B2), and fully closed (case B3). The results showed that flooding inundation occurred only in two cases (B2 and B3). These results will encourage the construction of the regulator considering certain precautions.