Roseâmely Angélica de Carvalho Barros

The South American coati ( Nasua nasua ) is a mammal of the order Carnivora and family Procyonidae, characterized by scansorial locomotion. Accordingly, several anatomical and functional studies examined its thoracic limbs. Nevertheless, the anatomical descriptions and terminology differ among those studies, and none considered the evolutionary derivations of the brachium and antebrachium muscles based on topology, innervation and anatomical variants. Therefore, the present study aimed to infer the muscle derivations and reconstruct muscle maps of the brachial and craniolateral antebrachial muscles in N. nasua based on the evidence from direct gross dissections and comparisons with literature in embryology and myology of representative mammals from monotremes to procyonids. The caudomedial group will be addressed in a separate manuscript. Seventeen thoracic limbs from eight formaldehyde‐fixed specimens and one fresh specimen of N. nasua were dissected. As main results that differed from the available literature, the cranial part of the tensor fasciae antebrachii muscle of non‐ Nasua procyonids was not lost in N. nasua but fused to the caudal part. The anconeus medialis muscle was not a head of the triceps brachii muscle and may have derived from the caudomedial antebrachial musculature. The caput accessorium of the triceps brachii muscle may have derived mainly from its caput laterale . The extensor carpi radialis muscle was undivided proximally and only separated into two bellies ( longus and brevis ) from the middle third of the antebrachium. In conclusion, the brachium and craniolateral antebrachium muscles of N. nasua had several differences from those described previously, and most evolutionary derivations could be inferred.

South American coati ( Nasua nasua ) is a carnivoran of the suborder Caniformia and family Procyonidae. Anatomical and functional studies have been performed on the thoracic limb muscles of this species. The topology and innervation are necessary to establish a more suitable anatomical terminology and to infer the muscle evolutionary derivation in anatomical studies. Within the shoulder muscles, the articularis humeri muscle is found caudal to the shoulder joint capsule and is innervated by the axillary nerve. The coracobrachialis muscle is medial and is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. However, some studies in N. nasua and other carnivorans describe the coracobrachialis muscle with the name articularis humeri muscle. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyse the terminology and evolutionary derivation inferences of the shoulder intrinsic muscles in N. nasua based on their attachments, topology, and innervation. We dissected 15 thoracic limbs from eight formaldehyde‐fixed specimens. Most muscles conserved the evolutionary derivation proposed to other procyonids. Ten limbs presented the articularis humeri muscle similar to that described in the ursid Ursus maritimus (polar bear) and the felids Felis catus (domestic cat) and Panthera leo (lion). This muscle could have derived from the subscapularis muscle and potentially be present in the last common ancestor of carnivorans. Based on most references in myological studies of Carnivora, the present study is the first record of the presence of the articularis humeri muscle in N. nasua . Therefore, the name m. articularis humeri should not be used as a synonym or homologous muscle to the coracobrachialis or coracobrachialis brevis.

Procyon cancrivorus and Nasua nasua are two procyonids with different evolutionary adaptations to use their thoracic limbs. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the differences in the brachial plexus between both species. Five P. cancrivorus and five N. nasua cadavers were used to perform this investigation with the permission of the bioethics committee and environmental license. Gross dissections were performed on the cervical, pectoral, and thoracic limb regions to find the origin and distribution of the brachial plexus. The brachial plexus of both species originated in a variant manner from C5-T1, C5-T2, C6-T1, or C6-T2. All brachial plexus nerves were observed and, interestingly, the musculocutaneous sent a communicating branch to the median nerve medially to the axillary artery, forming an ansa axillaris in both species. An ansa pectoralis was also observed medially to the axillary artery. Additionally, in P. cancrivorus, the musculocutaneous nerve innervates the pronator teres and flexor carpi radialis muscles and communicates with the median nerve at the elbow level to continue as a common trunk at the antebrachium. The brachial plexus has differences between both procyonids, although in both species, it could conserve a primitive arrangement present within the infraorder Arctoidea.

Henrique Inhauser Riceti Magalhães, Jeferson Borges Barcelos, Fabiano Braz Romão, Tânia Ribeiro Junqueira Borges, Roseâmely Angélica de Carvalho-Barros, Maria Angelica Miglino, Frederico Ozanam Carneiro e Silva, Lucas de Assis Ribeiro. Anat Cell Biol 2021;54:202-11. https://doi.org/10.5115/acb.20.301

Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is considered one of the largest and most beautiful canids in South America, inhabits the Cerrado biome, and presents nocturnal habits, especially during the twilight period. It is in danger of extinction, mainly due to anthropic activity in its habitat. What certainly raises the importance of studying and better understanding its biology. The mammalian Facial Nerve is the seventh cranial pair and controls the functions of facial expression muscles and others. Once the anatomical descriptions of this canid are scarce, this paper aimed to describe the anatomy of Facial n. in Maned Wolf and correlate it with that of domestic canids, a phylogenetically close species whose anatomy is well known. For this research, four adult specimens were used, whose carcasses were collected along highways in southeastern Goiás State - Brazil (SISBIO 37072-2), or donated by the Wildlife Screening Center (CETAS) in Catalão - Goiás State. The specimens were fixed in a 10% aqueous formalin solution and stored in the same solution. Dissection was performed by macroscopic anatomical methods. The research was carried out with a favorable opinion of the Animal Use Ethics Committee (CEUA) of the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) (under n° 067/12). Anatomical preparations of post-mortem Maned Wolf did not reveal the presence of Caudal Auricular, Internal Auricular, nor Stylohyoid n.. Small ramifications of Facial n. can be considered as collateral branches. The Facial n. emerged as a single trunk, Facial n. Trunk, which branches into Auriculopalpebral, Dorsal Buccal, and Ventral Buccal n..

Whilst considering the need anesthetic techniques supported by species-specific morphology, it has been sought to describe the morphometry of the Hoary Fox's infraorbital foramen with aims at correlating its topography with points of anatomic reference in the skull, thereby providing subsidy for a more effective local anesthetic block in that species. Four skulls of Lycalopex vetulus had been used, from which all of the measurements in each antimere were performed. The infraorbital foramen was located at the maxilla bone, dorsally-wise from the third upper pre-molar tooth, and, from the ventral end of its caudal margin, it would stand apart from the alveolar margin of that bone by 4.19 mm, in average; from the orbital margin at the level of the lacrimal foramen by 14.10 mm; from the dorsal end of the frontal process of the zygomatic bone by 37.10 mm; from the rostral end of the alveolar margin of the first upper incisor tooth by 38.54 mm; and, from the caudal end of the nuchal crest by 100.53mm - at the level of the median sagittal plane; as it also presented a sagittal axis of 5.21 mm in average. It is suggested that, for the Hoary Fox, the needle be introduced by 4.19 mm in contact with the maxilla bone, in a perpendicular fashion, and in a ventral-dorsal orientation from the alveolar margin of the same - whilst using, as an anatomic reference, the diastema that exists between the third and the fourth upper pre-molar teeth.

This work aimed to describe the origin, distribution, and ramifications of the ischiadicus nerve in the giant anteater and to provide anatomical data which could explain not only the evolutionary aspects but also provide important information for other related works. For the present study, four specimens were used, prepared by perfusion of 10% formaldehyde solution via the femoral artery, for conservation and dissection. The origin of the right and left ischiadicus nerves in the giant anteater from the ventral ramification of the third lumbar (L3) and the first (S1), second (S2), and third (S3) sacral spinal nerves. These nerves were symmetrical in all animals studied. The distribution and ramification occurred to the superficial, middle, and deep gluteal, gemelli, piriform, quadratus femoris, tensor fasciae latae, caudal crural abductor, cranial and caudal parts of the biceps femoris, adductor, semitendinous, and cranial and caudal parts of the semimembranous muscles. Based on the origins of the ischiadicus nerves, there is a caudal migration in the nerve location in animals in a more recent position on the evolutionary scale due to reconfiguration of the lumbosacral plexus, resulting from the increase in a number of lumbar vertebrae. There is no complete homology of the muscle innervation.

RESUMO Objetivou-se descrever comparativamente as artérias responsáveis pela irrigação dos lobos tímicos cervicais e torácicos dos javalis, determinando-se também as características morfológicas do referido órgão nessa espécie, a ponto de correlacioná-las evolutivamente com os demais representantes da família Suidae. Os lobos tímicos cervicais direito e esquerdo receberam ramos distribuídos pelas artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda e cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e, por vezes, pelas artérias torácica externa esquerda e subclávia esquerda. Essa característica vascular foi mantida ao longo da evolução, estando presente em linhagens e raças mais recentes de suídeos. A irrigação dos lobos tímicos torácicos direito e esquerdo foi realizada predominantemente por ramos diretos e indiretos ipsilaterais e contralaterais das artérias torácicas internas direita e esquerda, e também por ramos da artéria subclávia esquerda. Ramos diretos das artérias cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e ramos diretos da artéria torácica interna direita foram encontrados para o lobo tímico médio, sendo essa uma descrição única nessa espécie, o que demonstra uma característica evolutiva primitiva nesse ancestral.

Qualis indexed Engineering Journal and Science Journal to publish paper with DOI, NAAS Rating and journal has global recognized indexing

Qualis indexed Engineering Journal and Science Journal to publish paper with DOI, NAAS Rating and journal has global recognized indexing