Boping Yang

Perovskite optoelectronics are core low-carbon energy devices, yet the field over-relies on single performance metrics (PCE/EQE) to benchmark devices, ignoring trade-offs between efficiency, material cost, fabrication energy, waste emissions and industrial scalability. Conventional evaluation tools fail to integrate coupled techno-economic-environmental indicators simultaneously, hindering sustainable translation from lab to factory. Here, we transplant data envelopment analysis (DEA) to build a universal multi-input–multi-output full-factor assessment paradigm for photovoltaics, LEDs, lasers, photodetectors and flexible integrated hardware. We deliver standardized indicator libraries, model selection rules and a reproducible five-step workflow. Empirical tests on perovskite solar cells and PeLEDs validate DEA’s strength in diagnosing efficiency loss and ranking comprehensive device performance. A three-stage roadmap covering shared database construction, DEA–LCA/machine learning fusion and industrial standardization is outlined. This framework reorients device development toward holistic sustainability, supplying quantitative support for green manufacturing, technology screening and carbon-neutral energy policy-making.

Accurate photovoltaic (PV) resource assessment is essential for scaling solar energy deployment in developing regions, yet most existing models overlook the synergistic effects of humidity, dust accumulation (soiling), and precipitation; factors that critically degrade performance in tropical climates. This study addresses this gap by developing an auto-calibrated, single-diode PV model integrated with Faiman temperature coefficients and a novel humidity-soiling coupling term. Using high-resolution NASA POWER satellite data across 30 locations spanning Ghana’s four climate zones (Savannah, Transition, Coastal, and Forest), we systematically quantify how irradiance, temperature, wind speed, and humidity–soiling interactions modulate annual energy yield, energy density, and performance ratio. Our results reveal three key findings with direct practical implications. First, humidity-soiling synergy causes 67.5% annual energy loss without cleaning, while a weekly cleaning protocol preserves 97.3% of yield—demonstrating that regular maintenance is economically justified, not optional. Second, wind-induced cooling significantly improves PV output, with VOC and maximum power increasing at higher wind speeds, highlighting the importance of thermal management in system design. Third, the Savannah climate zone exhibits the highest solar potential (1,877.4 kWh·kWp-1·y-1 or 286.8 kWh·m-2), outperforming other zones and providing empirical guidance for site prioritization. Beyond Ghana, this work offers a fully replicable, open-access methodology that eliminates the need for site-specific parameter fitting, making it directly applicable to other tropical and subtropical developing nations. The framework supports evidence-based decision-making for project developers, policymakers, and investors: from optimizing cleaning schedules and O&M strategies to informing climate-zone-specific grid codes and renewable energy targets. By bridging atmospheric science, PV engineering, and energy policy, this study provides a practical tool for advancing sustainable energy access in the regions where it is most needed.

The rapid expansion of coastal wind farms has raised concerns about the ecological impacts of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on marine organisms. Using the bivalve Cyclina sinensis as a model, this study examined the effects of short-term (24 h) and long-term (14 d) exposure to ELF-EMF (15 ± 1 μT, 50 Hz), compared with a geomagnetic control group. Physiological and transcriptomic analyses showed that ELF-EMF exposure slightly reduced survival, with rates of 100 ± 0% (control), 95.56 ± 1.92% (short-term), and 90.00 ± 3.33% (long-term). Short-term exposure elevated SOD and CAT activities and lowered MDA levels in the hepatopancreas, but these returned to baseline by 14 days after cessation of exposure.In contrast, prolonged exposure reduced SOD and CAT activities while increasing MDA levels. Transcriptomic profiling revealed 5,479 and 4,985 differentially expressed unigenes in the short-term and long-term groups, respectively, indicating fewer molecular changes over time. Enrichment analysis suggested short-term responses involved ER stress and suppressed energy metabolism, whereas long-term exposure induced metabolic adaptation characterized by inhibited amino acid metabolism, translation repression, and insulin resistance. These results demonstrate time-dependent physiological and molecular responses to ELF-EMF in C. sinensis, providing insights for environmental risk assessment and sustainable coastal management.

With increasing demands in industrial safety, environmental monitoring, and public health, the highly sensitive and selective detection of acidic species in the gas phase has become particularly critical. Conventional analytical techniques, while accurate, are often hindered by complex instrumentation and time-consuming procedures. In contrast, fluorescent sensing technology offers rapid response, high sensitivity, and real-time visual detection, positioning it as an emerging tool for acid vapor sensing. This review establishes a structureproperty-performance framework by bridging fundamental photophysical mechanisms with rational material design. We systematically categorize sensing mechanisms into five classes: aggregation-induced emission (AIE), photoinduced electron transfer (PET), Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). Building upon this foundation, we further analysed the research progress of small-molecule probes, polymers, porous organic materials, as well as quantum dots for acid vapor sensing. By elucidating the correlations between material types, structures, and sensing performance, this review provides actionable design principles for the development of next-generation acid vapor sensors.

Blue perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have emerged as promising candidates for next‐generation displays and lighting due to their high color purity and solution‐processable fabrication. However, challenges such as efficiency roll‐off, spectral instability, and high production costs hinder their commercialization. This study proposes a novel quantitative framework based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) to systematically evaluate the tradeoffs between performance and cost. By defining inputs and outputs, multiple DEA models, which include Charnes–Cooper–Rhodes (CCR), Banker–Charnes–Cooper (BCC), Slack‐Based Measure (SBM), and various super‐efficiency, were applied to identify optimal fabrication protocols. Results revealed that CsPbCl _{3− x} Br _x quantum dots and (p‐FPEA) ₂ Cs _1.5 Pb _2.5 Br _8.5 achieved full technical efficiency and high scale efficiency, indicating their suitability for scalable production. In contrast, materials like CsEuBr ₃ exhibited significant inefficiencies due to input redundancy and synthesis defects. The nonradial SBM model uncovered nuanced inefficiencies undetected by traditional radial models, emphasizing the importance of slack variable analysis. Super‐efficiency models further highlighted distinctions in efficiency frontiers under varying scale assumptions. This work provides a systematic pathway to compare the materials design and fabrication processes, balancing cost‐effectiveness with performance. Future efforts should focus on defect passivation, multiobjective optimization, and experimental validation to bridge laboratory innovations with industrial scalability.

Organic framework materials have gained attention for their intriguing structures, diverse applications, and porous materials with open frameworks.

GeSe, an emerging two-dimensional material, exhibits a significant potential in nonlinear optics. This study explores an effective method to enhance the nonlinear optical properties of GeSe through the utilization of a multilayer film structure. We designed and fabricated a (SiO2/ZnSe/GeSe/ZnSe)4/SiO2 multilayer film structure, which substantially augments the nonlinear optical response of GeSe via electric field enhancement and transmission spectrum edge modulation. Z-scan measurements reveal that the two-photon absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index of the multilayer film reach 25.616×104 cm/GW and 8.235×10−13 m2/W, representing more than a fourfold increase compared to a single GeSe film. A further analysis of optical limiting characteristics reveals onset and optical limiting thresholds of 0.043 and 0.711 GW/cm2, respectively. This multilayer film design strategy significantly enhances the nonlinear optical performance of GeSe, offering possibilities for developing high-efficiency optical modulators and optical switches based on two-dimensional materials.

As an emerging photovoltaic technology, hybrid perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved excellent performance through rapid development in recent years. High power conversion efficiency (PCE) and excellent stability further promote the commercialization of PSCs. To date, the perovskite light-harvesting active materials are diversified and the device fabrication process is also various. Considered the fabrication costs and steps of PSCs based on different active materials, the quantitative valuation of different hybrid PSCs with PCE above 20% is implemented using data envelopment analysis (DEA) for the first time. This valuation mainly focuses on the inputs (cost and fabrication steps) and outputs (PCE and stability). No weights are needed during the whole analytical process. This ensures the convenience and ease of operation of the analysis, promoting the universality of this method. The results show a detailed analysis of different PSCs from an economic perspective and develop a new way to evaluate PSCs. Meanwhile, the results and this novel valuation method will provide promising guidance for the commercialization of PSCs.

Nanocrystals (NCs) have been widely studied owing to their distinctive properties and promising application in new-generation photoelectric devices.