Utkarsh Mangal

A stable symbiosis within the microbiome‐host axis is essential for human health. However, preventing microbiome dysbiosis using biomaterials remains challenging due to their unpredictable influence on microbiome evolution. Inspired by the defensive niche of symbiotic mucosa, we have developed a biointerface that forms an engineered mucosa‐inspired dynamic niche to prevent pathogenic dysbiosis. This biointerface features a dynamic zwitterionic network that emulates the mucosa's biophysical defensive functions. Notably, by leveraging its dynamic niche, the biointerface restricts microbial attachment and aggregation, thereby preventing biofilm formation. Comprehensive metagenomic analyses reveal that microbial communities adapt to this biofilm‐preventive dynamic biointerface compositionally and functionally. In particular, Gram‐negative bacteria were relatively reduced, along with decreased abundance of pathways associated with virulence and biofilm formation. Consequently, the mucosa‐inspired biointerface intrinsically prevents the development of pathogenic dysbiosis. This study demonstrates the groundbreaking potential of material‐based niche engineering to guide the ecological shifts of microbial communities from the material scale.

Orthodontic aligners 3D-printed in resin currently provide a viable alternative to thermoformed ones. However, concerns have been raised regarding their biocompatibility. This review addressed the available scientific evidence on the biological properties of marketed resins for 3D printing of orthodontic aligners, encompassing cytotoxicity, estrogenicity, biofilm formation, and oral soft tissues reactions. A comprehensive literature search of several databases was conducted and PRISMA guidelines were followed to summarize the retrieval. Eleven studies were included in the review. They provided information on only three marketed resins: Tera Harz TC-85 DAC and Tera Harz TA-28 (Graphy) and Clear-A (Senertek). For the last two materials, only one investigation has been performed. Despite the large variability in experimental protocols, the lack of cytotoxicity of Tera Harz TC-85 DAC was a consistent finding. Also, no estrogenic effect was detected for this resin, in line with the lack of any bis-phenol A precursor in its chemical composition. In two clinical studies, oral soft tissue reactions were reported as rare and non-serious occurrences. Biofilm adhesion was regarded as critical for the clinical safety of 3D-printed aligners. Standardization of in vitro protocols, also including more clinically relevant settings, chemical characterization of the resins’ eluates, and collection of additional in vivo data are advised to improve the quality of the evidence.

Dental caries caused by cariogenic biofilms is a significant challenge in modern dentistry, especially with aligner treatments, where biofilms can easily build up during prolonged use and lead to serious risks. Traditional antimicrobial methods focus on bacterial killing and often overlook the vital task of removing the biofilm matrix, allowing the quick reattachment of bacteria. In this study, we introduce an osmotic-driven biofilm removal strategy that harnesses osmotic dynamics to remove entire biofilm structures physically. Internal osmotic pressure is generated by a precisely designed cationic copolymer, triggering controlled detachment of the biofilm matrix. When tested in vitro on Streptococcus mutans biofilms grown on dental aligners and in hard-to-reach interproximal spaces, our method eliminated biofilms more efficiently than traditional cleaning methods. The technique showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity, highlighting the need for further polymer optimization. Overall, our osmotic-driven biofilm removal strategy significantly advances biofilm control strategies, offering a novel solution for improving oral health and presenting a potential physical removal method for medical settings.

Medical plastic-appliance-based healthcare services, especially in dentistry, generate tremendous amounts of plastic waste. Given the physiological features of our mouth, it is desirable to substitute dental care plastics with viscoelastic and antimicrobial bioplastics. Herein, we develop a medical-grade and sustainable bioplastic that is viscoelastic enough to align the tooth positions, resists microbial contamination, and exhibits recyclable life cycles. In particular, we devise a molecular template involving entanglement-inducing and antimicrobial groups and prepare a silk fibroin-based dental care bioplastic. The generated compactly entangled structure endows great flexibility, toughness, and viscoelasticity. Therefore, a satisfactory orthodontic outcome is accomplished, as demonstrated by the progressive alignment of male rabbit incisors within the 2.5 mm range. Moreover, the prepared bioplastic exhibits resistance to pathogenic colonization of intraoral microbes such as Streptococcaceae and Veillonellaceae. Because the disentanglement of entangled domains enables selective separation and extraction of the components, the bioplastic can be recycled into a mechanically identical one. The proposed medical-grade and sustainable bioplastic could potentially contribute to a green healthcare future.

Vital pulp treatment (VPT) is crucial for preserving the health and function of the tooth in cases where the pulp tissue remains vital despite exposure. Various materials are introduced for this purpose. However, challenges such as low strength, high solubility, and tooth discoloration persist. Methylmethacrylate‐based cement (MC) offers excellent sealing ability, feasibility, and mechanical properties, making it a promising alternative for VPT. Phosphate‐based glass (PBG) has the potential to promote hard tissue regeneration by releasing key inducers, phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca), for reparative odontogenesis. This study investigates PBG‐integrated MC (PIMC) by characterizing its properties, assessing human dental pulp stem cell activity related to initial inflammatory adaptation and odontogenic differentiation, and evaluating hard tissue formation using an in vivo dog pulpotomy model. Results indicate that a 5% PBG‐integrated MC (5PIMC) maintains the physicochemical properties of MC. Furthermore, 5PIMC demonstrates cytocompatibility, excellent expression of osteo/odontogenic markers, and resistance to inflammatory markers, significantly outperforming MC. Enhanced hard tissue formation is observed in the dental pulp of mongrel dog teeth treated with 5PIMC. These findings suggest that 5PIMC could be an optimal and suitable material for reparative odontogenesis through VPT.