Zhanna Klishchova

Niobium‐based MXenes exhibitefficient near‐infrared (NIR) absorption but remain underexplored for in vivo cancer therapy. In this study, we investigated Nb ₄ C ₃ T _x MXene as an NIR‐II photothermal therapy (PTT) sensitizer for melanoma. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed using Nb ₄ C ₃ T _x in combination with pulsed 1064 nm laser irradiation. Tumor growth, histological changes, and spatial localization of MXene were assessed to evaluate therapeutic efficacy and safety. Nb ₄ C ₃ T _x significantly enhanced tumor suppression under pulsed NIR‐II irradiation, inducing extensive destruction of melanoma cells while sparing surrounding tissue. Histological analysis revealed macrophage‐mediated uptake and clearance of MXene, with no evidence of persistent accumulation in tumor remnants or visceral organs. Pulsed laser irradiation provided precise and rapid heating, improving treatment accuracy and minimizing collateral damage. However, complete tumor eradication was not achieved, likely owing to limited light penetration in bulky tumors and the nontargeted distribution of pristine MXene. Our study demonstrates the feasibility and safety of Nb ₄ C ₃ T _x MXene‐assisted PTT in vivo, providing the first experimental evidence of its therapeutic potential in melanoma treatment. These findings establish Nb ₄ C ₃ T _x as a promising platform for pulsed laser–mediated PTT, while highlighting the need for targeted functionalization and treatment optimization to achieve selective tumor ablation.

Effective control of animal tuberculosis is possible only with a comprehensive examination of the biology of the pathogen, epizootiology, pathogenesis, prevention methods, economic and environmental factors that affect the course of the disease. It is known that radiation exposure leads to autosensitisation of the body by the breakdown products of its tissues and the development of non-specific (false) immunological reactions. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to examine the immunological (serological) reactivity of tuberculosis patients exposed to gamma radiation in laboratory animals. Radiological, bacteriological, allergic, serological, and pathoanatomical research methods were used in the study. Guinea pigs were consistently irradiated with various doses of gamma rays, infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis of various types, and, for 90 days, were examined by clinical, allergic, pathoanatomical, and serological methods in the complement fixation reaction (CFR) and passive hemagglutination reaction (PHGR) according to Boyden to detect antitubercular complementbinding antibodies and tissue autoantibodies. 45 and 90 days after infection with M. bovis and M. tuberculosis antitubercular complement-binding antibodies were recorded in serum samples of irradiated and non-irradiated animals in diagnostic titres (1:20-1:80), which indicates the active development of the infectious process. In irradiated and intact guinea pigs infected with M. avium, no anti-tuberculosis antibodies were detected in since guinea pigs are not susceptible to infection with the causative agent of avian tuberculosis. In serum samples from uninfected guinea pigs, both irradiated and intact, antitubercular complement-binding antibodies were not detected during the entire follow-up period (90 days). The high content of tissue autoantibodies in blood serum samples of animals irradiated with a dose of 200 R (0.0516 C/kg) is a manifestation of autosensitisation of the body by the breakdown products of its tissues due to radiation damage. The presence of tissue autoantibodies in blood serum samples of irradiated and Mycobacterium-infected animals did not affect serological indicators for the indication of anti-tuberculosis antibodies, which should be considered when conducting diagnostic studies by veterinary medicine laboratories

Allergic examination using PPD-tuberculins is the main method of life-time tuberculosis diagnostics in farm animals and poultry. However, it is known about a decrease in the diagnostic value of allergic reactions after irradiation of animals, the occurrence of non-specific, pseudo-allergic reactions. One of the reasons for the manifestation of non-specific reactions may be autosensitisation (autoallergisation) of the body by the breakdown products of personal tissues, which is especially pronounced with radiation damage. Ionizing radiation affects the manifestation of tuberculin sensitivity, the course of tuberculosis and autoimmune processes in the body. Differential diagnostics of non-specific tuberculin reactions remains not yet a fully solved problem, although there are many tests for its implementation. After the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, a considerable number of animals remained in the adjacent territories contaminated with radioactive substances, including those infected with the causative agent of tuberculosis and atypical mycobacteria. It is known that irradiation leads to autosensitisation of the body by the breakdown products of its own tissues and the development of non-specific pseudoallergic reactions to heterologous allergens. Therefore, work was carried out to study the allergic reactivity of tuberculosis patients and laboratory animals sensitised with atypical mycobacteria irradiated with gamma radiation (200 guinea pigs). It was established that 14-60 days after infection with tuberculosis pathogens, 90-100% of cavies developed allergic reactions to PPD-tuberculin for mammals and poultry, mainly to a homologous allergen. Allergic reactivity persisted until 90 days of the study. After exposure to sublethal (non-lethal) doses of gamma rays, infected and intact cavies developed non-specific reactions to tuberculin and heterologous allergens: mallein and brucellin. In cavies uninfected with the causative agent of tuberculosis, 7 days after gamma radiation exposure, non-specific reactions to mycobacterial allergens were observed at a dose load of 200 R in 16.6%; 150 R – 5.3% in the group, and after 27 days in irradiated doses of 50 R and 100 R in 25% and 33% of the studied animals, respectively. Isolated reactions to brucellin and mallein occurred in animals infected with the causative agent of tuberculosis and intact animals 60 days after irradiation with doses of 50 R, 100 R and 150 R. The manifestation of non-specific allergies in irradiated animals depended on the radiation dose rate and radiosensitivity of the animals

Everyone knows that test cultures are used to control and quality the growth properties of nutrient media, to check the activity of antiseptics and disinfectants, as well as to assess the adequacy of the sensitivity of the tested microorganisms to new antibacterial drugs, which are currently produced by rapid temp. with the development of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms to most of the active substances used in new drugs. Moreover, it is the understanding that most antibiotics are clinically useless in treating infectious diseases because of their long-term use for chemotherapy purposes – a major problem not only in Ukraine but worldwide. In this article the results of researches sensitivity museum strains, namely: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (F-50), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 2853 (F), Proteus vulgaris HX 19 number 222, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterobacter aerogenes 10006, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433 to the antibacterial drug “Saroflox”. We find that Saroflox inhibited the growth of all test cultures at different dilution rates. Using different concentrations of the antibiotic (2.5 mg, 1.25 mg, 0.625 mg, 0.3125 mg, 0.1562/200 μl), it was found that all test cultures under study were highly sensitive to Saroflox. most from 38.0 ± 1.0 to 20.0 ± 1.0 mm. The results of studies show that the new antibacterial drug “Saroflox” has bactericidal properties to most cultures that cause bacterial diseases of various species of animals and birds, which only confirms its effectiveness against gram-negative microorganisms (Enterobacter spp. , Staphylococcus aureus E. coli and others) including beta-lactam antibiotic resistant, tetracyclines, macrolides and aminoglycosides.