Jie Liu

Corrigendum: Shoreline change due to global climate change and human activity at the Shandong Peninsula from 2007 to 2020

This study constructs a digital elevation model of the coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula using GIS-based interpolation methods to investigate the 15-year characteristics of seabed scouring and siltation. It utilizes depth data of the Shandong Peninsula’s offshore area between 2004 and 2006 and 2017 and 2019. The results indicated that the Shandong Peninsula’s coastal-water seabed is characterized by integral siltation and local point scouring. In addition, the northwest Shandong Peninsula is dominated by siltation, mainly distributed between 2 and 5 m isobaths, with the largest siltation area located in Laizhou Bay. The net volume of siltation is 2.13 × 10⁸ m³, the siltation rate is 0.152 × 10⁸ m³.a⁻¹, and the scouring is concentrated in the estuary and the west coast of Laizhou Bay. Scouring and siltation balance generally characterize the seabed in the northern coastal waters of the Shandong Peninsula, and the degree of scouring and siltation is weak. The siltation occurs primarily near the land area, while scouring occurs as the sea deepens. In the northeast of the Shandong Peninsula, the degree of scouring and siltation is extreme, and their distribution range is small, whereas in the south, siltation is distributed in large bays and straight coastal offshore waters, and its degree is relatively weak. At the southernmost end of the study area, the scouring and siltation in Jiaozhou Bay are spatially distributed and balanced. In reality, the key factors affecting the distribution of coastal-seabed scouring and siltation are materials transported by river sediment, coastal scouring, and human activities.

In this study, how shoreline change responses to global climate change and human activity at the Shandong Peninsula was quantified by analyzing shoreline locations, inshore erosion/accretion rates, and sandy beach profiles for 2007–2020. During the study period, the total shoreline length decreased from 3345.55 km to 3310.18 km, whereas the natural shoreline decreased by 25.41%. As a dominant shore type, the artificial shoreline increased by 827.89 km. Human activities, such as land reclamation and harbor construction, have caused continuous shoreline advance, resulting in a net land increase of 672.40 km². However, natural shores (e.g., sandy shore) receded at an average annual rate of −1.0 m due to ongoing erosion. The inshore waters of the Shandong Peninsula were largely sedimentary as erosion occurred only at a few hotspots. Therefore, seaward sediment deposition dominated the erosion/accretion trends of the inshore areas of the peninsula. However, global climate change and human activities have exacerbated the erosion caused by sea level rise. Specifically, the climate change caused absolute sea level rise and increasing frequency of extreme weather events, whereas the human activity dominated the transport and supply of sediment in the coastal zone. In the short term, the shoreline of the Shandong Peninsula continues to advance toward the sea due to the growing artificial shoreline. However, this disrupts the balance between sediment supply and marine energies in the coastal zone, and the system then rebalance itself by eroding unprotected natural shores. In the long term, main shoreline evolution trends depend on global climate change and sea level rise which plays a decisive role in shoreline retreat in the Shandong Peninsula.

The Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (B&R) aims at facilitating the twenty-first Century economic development of China. However, climate change, air quality and related feedbacks are affecting the successful development of the environment and societies in the B&R geographical domain. The most urgent risks related to the atmospheric system, to the land system and to hydrospheric and cryospheric processes are changing climate – air quality interactions, air pollution, changing monsoon dynamics, land degradation, and the melting of Tibetan Plateau glaciers. A framework is needed in which a science and technology-based approach has the critical mass and expertise to identify the main steps toward solutions and is capable to implement this roadmap. The Pan-Eurasian Experiment (PEEX) program, initiated in 2012, aims to resolve science, technology and sustainability questions in the Northern Eurasian region. PEEX is now identifying its science agenda for the B&R region. One fundamental element of the PEEX research agenda is the availability of comprehensive ground-based observations together with Earth observation data. PEEX complements the recently launched international scientific program called Digital Belt and Road (DBAR). PEEX has expertise to coordinate the ground-based observations and initiate new flagship stations, while DBAR provides a big data platform on Earth observation from China and countries along the Belt and Road region. The DBAR and PEEX have joint interests and synergy expertise on monitoring on ecological environment, urbanization, cultural heritages, coastal zones, and arctic cold regions supporting the sustainable development of the Belt and Road region. In this paper we identify the research themes of the PEEX related Silk Road agenda relevant to China and give an overview of the methodological requirements and present the infrastructure requirements needed to carry out large scale research program.