Tuyana Erdemovna Randalova

Introduction. Despite the wide distribution and extensive use of Artemisia L. species in official and traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory, infectious, and other diseases caused by fungi, bacteria, and viruses, the chemical composition of Artemisia messerschmidtiana Bess. growing in the territory of Buryatia remains insufficiently studied. Aim of the study. To perform a pharmacognostic analysis of the aerial part of A. messerschmidtiana. Materials and Methods. The object of the study was the whole aerial part of A. messerschmidtiana collected during the flowering stage near Udinsk village, Khorinsky District, Republic of Buryatia (August 2023). Anatomical and diagnostic features, as well as the main quality indicators of the raw material, were determined according to the methods of the State Pharmacopoeia, 15th edition. The essential oil was obtained by steam distillation. Lipid fractions were isolated using a modified Bligh and Dyer method followed by acid methanolysis. The chemical composition of the essential oil and lipid fraction was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Results. The main anatomical and diagnostic characteristics of the raw material were determined. The leaf epidermis consists of isodiametric cells with slightly sinuous walls; stomata are of the anomocytic type, mainly located on the lower epidermis. T-shaped trichomes and oval, tiered essential oil glands are characteristic features. The main quality indicators were as follows: moisture content 7.6%, total ash 7.9%, acid-insoluble ash 0.6%, ethanol-soluble extractives (70%) 42.8%, organic impurities 0.8%, browned and blackened parts 2.0%. The yield of essential oil was 0.3%, its main components were 1,8-cineole (11.6%), camphor (19.6%), borneol (4.0%), α-terpinene (6.1%), isoterpinolene (3.4%), phytol (7.0%), dehydrosesquicineole (4.8%), and caryophyllene oxide (2.3%). The yield of the lipid fraction was 4.5%, containing ten higher fatty acids - palmitic (42.0%), linoleic (16.6%), linolenic (14.9%). Conclusion. The main anatomical and diagnostic features and quality indicators of A. messerschmidtiana were established. The composition of the essential oil was found to be stable regardless of the growing region or extraction method. The dominant compounds are monoterpenoids – 1,8-cineole, camphor, and borneol, while caryophyllene oxide is the main sesquiterpenoid. The lipid fraction is characterized by palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. The findings confirm the potential of A. messerschmidtiana as a promising medicinal plant source for the development of new herbal medicinal preparations.

Artemisia subviscosa Turcz. Ex Bess. is an endemic species of the Baikal region. It grow on the territory of the Barguzinsky region of the Republic of Buryatia. Raw materials for the study were collected during the expedition work in 2016. By the method of hydrodistillation the essential oils from the aerial parts and individual organs (inflorescences, leaves, stems) of the A. subviscosa was extract. The greatest yield of essential oil is registered in flowers (0.7%). The composition was determined by chromatography-mass spectrometry on an Agilent Packard HP 6890 gas chromatograph with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (HP MSD 5973N) as a detector. More than 70 components have been identified and it has been established that the composition of essential oils is represented by mono- and sesquiterpene compounds, the first predominantly accumulate in the inflorescences, the others – in leaves and stems and the aerial parts. The dominant components are santolina triene (2.9–33.1%), germacrene D (2.1–8.8%), β-selinene (6.4–9.3%), α-selinene (6.4–8.6%), α-bulnesene (1.9–2.7%), δ-cadinene (1.7–2.4%), caryophyllene oxide (2.1–9.9%), caryophyllene (11.6–17.5%), γ-muurolene (1.4–4.0%), aciphyllene (2.8–3.2%) , acyphyllic acid (4.5–10.5%), spathulenol (0.8–3.7%).

Biophile microelements (copper, zinc, manganese, iron, nickel) and heavy metals (lead, cadmium) in the aerial part of Artemisia frigida Willd. and Artemisia jacutica Drob. of Russian (areas of the Republic of Buryatia) and Mongolian flora was presented in this paper. The quantitative content of the elements in the samples collected in 2008, 2015–2018 was studied using atomic absorption method performed on a SOLAAR M6 after preliminary decomposition by dry mineralization, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission method (ICP) on a Profile Plus spectrometer after decomposition of samples in the MARS 6 microwave system. The content of the same elements in the aerial part of the same species of Artemisia varied in a wide range, which was consistent with the literature data. In addition, the Principle component analysis of the elemental composition of A. frigida and A. jacutica was presented in this paper. The biplot showed the impact of forest fires that took place on the territory of Buryatia in 2015. So this year was characterized by a high concentration of lead, cadmium, nickel, copper and iron in studied samples. Also, the biplot showed the elements content versus plant species. In general, the content of toxic (lead, cadmium, nickel) and vital elements (copper, zinc, iron, manganese) was within the normal concentration. Therefore, the aerial part of A. frigida and A. jacutica of Buryatian (Russia) and aimaks (Mongolia) flora can be considered as promising plant raw materials for using in medical practice.

The fatty acids composition was analyzed by GC-MS method using Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer type 7000C in plants of Artemisia L. genus, Absinthium DC section (Artemisia sieversiana Willd., Artemisia macrocephala Jaq. ex Bess., Artemisia jacutica Drob.). The content of saturated fatty acids in the studied samples was from 26.77% to 68.12%, unsaturated – from 31.88% to 73.23%. In all samples palmitic (16:00) and linoleic (18:2n6) acids were found in significant amounts: 14.29% - 31.77% and 9.72% - 62.78% respectively.

Essential oil from the epigeal portion of Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit. collected in different regions of Buryatia and Mongolia has been isolated using steam distillation. The yield of essential oil from the stems and leaves of A. scoparia collected in different regions of Buryatia and in the Selenga aymag of Mongolia ranged from 0.06 to 0.40%, that is, the variation was rather high. The composition of the oil was analyzed using chromatography with mass spectrometric detection on a gas chromatography device Agilent Packard HP 6890 N with a quadrupole mass spectrometric detector HP MSD 5973. The total number of compounds detected exceeded 100. The major components of Artemisia scoparia oil were the following: p-cymene (0.6–15.2%), limonene (0.1–6.3%), α-pinene (0.2–10.1%), β-pinene (0.4–8.9%), trans-β-ocimene (0.3–5.4%), caryophyllene (4.6–13.8%), germacrene D (11.5–40.3%), spathulenol (4.0–11.7%), and caryophyllene oxide (4.3–15.6%). Several chemotypes of essential oil from A. scoparia were identified according to the nature of the major components: 1) oil that contained acetylene hydrocarbons (from plants collected in Gilan, Mazandaran, Kashan, and Tigran provinces of Iran, Tajikistan, and the European part of the CIS); 2) oil that contained monoterpenes and aromatic compounds (from plants collected in the Khorasan province of Iran, India, and South Korea); and 3) oil that contained monoterpenes or aromatic and sesquiterpene compounds (from plants collected in Kazakhstan and Mongolia). The major components of A. scoparia essential oil obtained from Buryatian plants belonged to the classes of mono- and sesquiterpene compounds, and thus the oil can be assigned to the third chemotype characteristic of A. scoparia from geographically close regions.

В работе рассмотрен состав эфирных масел, полученных гидродистилляцией из надземной части Artemisia sericea Weber ex Stechm. Образцы растений были собраны в местах их естественного произрастания в Восточной Сибири (на территории Республики Бурятия и Забайкальского края). Компонентный состав эфирных масел полыней исследован методом хромато-масс-спектрометрии. Эфирные масла из обоих образцов представляют собой легкоподвижные жидкости светло-желтого цвета с характерным полынным запахом. Наибольший выход эфирного масла получен из образца, собранного на территории Забайкальского края (0,35%). Всего в эфирных маслах обнаружено более 70 компонентов, из них идентифицировано 63. Основная часть компонентов представлена моно- и сесквитерпеноидами. На долю монотерпенов приходится 18,8% (образец из Забайкальского края) и 51,5% (образец из Бурятии), на долю сесквитерпеноидов – 67,7 и 41,5% соответственно. Основными компонентами эфирных масел обоих образцов являются гермакрен D, 1,8-цинеол, камфора, борнеол, борнилацетат. Таким образом, состав эфирного масла Artemisia sericea изменчив. Но качественный состав основных компонентов эфирного масла остается постоянным, изменяется их количественное содержание в зависимости от географической приуроченности.

Методом гидродистилляции выделено эфирное масло из надземной части полыни метельчатой (Artemisia scoparia Waldst. et Kit.), собранной в разных районах Республики Бурятии и Монголии. Выходы эфирного масла из надземной части A. scoparia, произрастающих в различных районах Бурятии и в Селенгинском аймаке Монголии, варьируют довольно в широких пределах от 0,06 до 0,40%. Компонентный состав масла проанализирован методом хромато-масс-спектрометрии на газовом хроматографе Agilent Packard HP 6890 N с квадрупольным масс-спектрометром (HP MSD 5973) в качестве детектора. В общей сложности было обнаружено свыше 100 соединений. Основными компонентами масла полыни метельчатой были определены: п-цимол (0,6-15,2%), лимонен (0,1-6,3%), α-пинен (0,2-10,1%), β-пинен (0,4-8,9%), транс-β-оцимен (0,3-5,4%), кариофиллен (4,6-13,8%), гермакрен D (11,5-40,3%), спатуленол (4,0-11,7%), оксид кариофиллена (4,3-15,6%). По составу основных компонентов эфирные масла A. scoparia можно разделить на следующие хемотипы: 1) содержащие ацетиленовые углеводороды – из провинций Гилян, Мазандара, Кашан, Тигран Ирана, Таджикистана, а также европейской части СНГ; 2) содержащие монотерпеновые и ароматические соединения - из провинции Хорасан Иран, Индии, Южной Кореи 3) содержащие монотерпеновые или ароматические и сесквитерпеновые соединения – Казахстан и Монголия. Основные компоненты эфирного масла A. scoparia флоры Бурятии представлены моно- и сесквитерпеновыми соединениями и соответствуют третьему хемотипу, характерному для полыни метельчатой из географически близких регионов.