Swastika. N. Das

Background/Objectives: Microplastics (MPs) are increasingly reported in human reproductive tissues and fluids, but detection alone does not establish tissue injury or disease. Recent reviews have synthesised occurrence, reproductive toxicity, placental transfer, fertility, and pregnancy outcomes. The unresolved problem is that occurrence, model-response, lesion-comparison, clinical-association, and causal evidence are not interchangeable. This review asks what minimum evidence is required for an MP finding in the female genital tract (FGT) or fetoplacental continuum to become lesion-relevant and where inference must stop. Methods: We performed a critical narrative search of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar from database inception through 10 July 2026. The final synthesis comprised 59 sources: 28 primary studies, 24 reviews or systematic syntheses, and 7 regulatory, consensus, or professional-guidance documents.. Methodological recommendations were graded as claim-essential, context-dependent, or exploratory and as routine, specialised, or research-intensive. Results: The distinct contribution is an FGT-specific mechanistic and claim-to-evidence architecture rather than another environmental or reproductive-toxicity catalogue. We propose an ordered, claim-calibrated evidence ladder linking external exposure, internal dose, reproductive-fluid burden, spatial localisation, lesion response, and clinically annotated phenotype. The framework specifies the minimum evidence for occurrence, localisation, lesion, clinical, and causal claims and provides explicit stopping and downgrading rules rather than treating all desirable measurements as mandatory. The FGT Lesion Atlas is a compartment-by-compartment map of prioritised, non-exhaustive endpoints and sampling requirements. The FGT Lesionome is a cross-compartment synthesis of recurring barrier-receptivity, stromal-fibrotic, vascular-perfusion, immune-microbiome, endocrine-steroidogenic, and particle-cargo axes. An integrated hypothesis-generating pathway links systemic or local exposure, internal and target-compartment burden, physicochemical conditioning in reproductive-fluid microenvironments, particle or particle-associated-constituent interaction with compartment-specific cells and matrices, the six response axes, physiological dysfunction, and clinically annotated outcomes. A reproductive-fluid model, an assisted-reproductive-technology sentinel sequence, and an FGT Microplastic Pathology Reporting Checklist rank study elements by evidentiary necessity, feasibility, and interpretive consequence. Conclusions: The framework is hypothesis-generating, not a validated causal map or a universal core outcome set. It separates essential validity safeguards from context-dependent best practices and exploratory endpoints. Human reproductive and fetoplacental disease causation remains unproven without contamination-controlled sampling, polymer confirmation, spatial co-localisation with lesions, temporality, exposure-response assessment, confounder control, replication, and appropriately powered, temporally informative clinical outcomes.

The widespread use of antibiotics like sulfadiazine (SDZ) in various industries has raised environmental and health concerns due to their potential for bioaccumulation and the subsequent effects on human health and the environment. Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DCZ), a well‐established antifilarial drug, has yet to be explored as a sensing agent despite its extensive use. This study proposes a cost‐effective and efficient method for detecting SDZ and Uric acid (UA) using a DCZ‐modified carbon paste electrode (poly‐DCZ/MCPE). The poly‐DCZ film is synthesized via cyclic voltammetry (CV) on the carbon paste electrode surface, demonstrating excellent electrocatalytic activity for SDZ and UA detection at pH 7.4. The diffusion‐controlled electrode process is observed with a lower limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for SDZ as 3.8×10 ⁻⁹ M and 12.94×10 ⁻⁹ M respectively. For UA, LOD and LOQ were found to be 6.291×10 ⁻⁹ M and 20.97×10 ⁻⁹ M respectively at the poly‐DCZ/MCPE. Notably, the sensor exhibits simultaneous detection capabilities for SDZ and UA by CV and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods, addressing the need to monitor antibiotic residues in aquatic ecosystems and animal‐derived products.

Dihydroxybenzene (DHB) isomers like catechol (CC), hydroquinone (HQ), and resorcinol (RC) pose a significant threat to human health and the environment due to their persistence and ability to cause harm to vital organs. Detecting these chemicals can be challenging because they have similar properties and structures, and they coexist in the environment. This study introduces a novel approach in the field by developing a modified carbon paste electrode called poly-tartrazine/cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide/modified carbon paste electrode (poly-TZ/CTAB/MCPE). The electrode was created by polymerizing tartrazine (TZ) onto the carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface, followed by the application of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) solution. The incorporation of TZ and CTAB onto the CPE surface resulted in enhanced sensitivity for detecting dihydroxy benzene isomers. By utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques, our modified electrode successfully detected and distinguished each of the three isomers individually and simultaneously. The peaks obtained were well-defined, and there were adequate potential differences between each peak. The detection limits for CC, HQ and RC were found to be 0.495 × 10⁻⁶ M, 0.41 × 10⁻⁶ M and 2.2 × 10⁻⁶ M, respectively. This modified electrode exhibited selectivity, reproducibility, and repeatability properties. Unlike previous research, our study delves into the combined interactions between CTAB and tartrazine, specifically with the dihydroxy benzene isomers.

Dear editor, first I thank you for inviting me to review the manuscript titled “Toxicological evaluation of aqueous extracts of Clematis hirsuta and Rhamnus prinoides”. The work is good with toxicological evaluation of two aqueous extracts (Clemati...