Timur I. Galeev

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the variability of aspectual affixes in the Russian language has not been fully studied. Meanwhile, super-large diachronic corpora of texts provide the opportunity of a detailed quantitative description of verbal affixes evolution. The aim of the study is to identify objective syntagmatic and paradigmatic factors (extrasyllabic synharmonicity, word morphological structure evolution, lexical compatibility, style) that determine the choice of one of the competing suffixes among variable verbs with the redundant paradigm with secondary imperfection -a-(-ya-)/-yva-(-iva-) . The authors used the Russian language corpus of the Google Books Ngram corpus, including data on the word forms frequency over the past 200 years. The authors used methods of corpus analysis and diachronic quantitative analysis. The study revealed psychophonetic, morphological, semantic, and stylistic factors affecting the linguistic changes of redundant verbal paradigms. The authors came to the conclusion that, contrary to popular belief, the former na -a-(-ya-) variant is not replaced with the -iva-(-yva-) form in most cases; according to frequency dynamics, a temporary increase in the popularity of forms of secondary imperfection in general was followed by a return to the primary forms of Imperfect in recent decades. In rare cases, where a form with a suffix denoting iteration is approved, the form was chosen because of the root vowel, “l-epenteticum”, and verb prefixes. The frequency and prevalence of the verb hypothetically preventing the emergence of variants or unification had no effect on language changes. The developed approach can be applied to study evolution of competing word forms in a wide range of cases.

The article is devoted to the competition of borrowed and native vocabulary in the Russian language in the 18th–20th centuries. The relevance of the study: due to the large number of non-native speakers, the etymological picture of Russian vocabulary is somewhat shifted towards the dominance of internationalisms, characterized by their universality and conventionality in most languages. This fact predetermines a spontaneous transformation of the typical lexical tools of scientific, official business and journalistic speech, and calls for the need to change the lexicographic norms.Our analysis has shown that internationalisms, denoting already existing concepts, can displace native words, especially in literary speech. The article identifies linguistic patterns in lexical combinability of native and borrowed words, and determines stylistic differences between them. When working with text corpora, we have revealed discrepancies in syntactic combinability between synonyms, which allows us to state the stylistic demarcation of borrowings and native Russian words. Etymological synharmonism and connotation show the way words of different genesis form context. We studied the change in the frequency of native and borrowed words’ usage in diachrony using text corpora.As a result, we have come to the following conclusions: borrowed words have a clearer semantic orientation in the Russian language; they are characterized by a lower frequency and narrow combinability. We have analyzed the cases of native lexemes’ displacement by foreign-language borrowings from the point of view of their frequency growth dynamics in the corpus. We have determined the average duration of the period, during which a foreign word exceeds its analog frequency of the Slavic origin in book speech – 40-60 years. The results obtained are important for studying the deep changes in society, since we are talking about internationalisms that denote already existing social phenomena or objects.

The article offers the description of a modern experiment, which gives the possibility of complex information extraction about the cognitive structure of the linguistic evolution of Language Standart (Norm). The study was conducted using the Google Books Corpus, which provides unprecedented opportunities for linguistic studies. The purpose of the experiment was to identify the patterns of competing forms evolution within the center of the verbal paradigm (3Sg and 3Pl) on the basis of the data concerning the frequency of their use. The study was conducted on the material of excess verb forms with the variability of a/o vowels in a root (обусловливать/обуславливать). The graphs for variable word form competition clearly illustrate that the process of norm change consists of stages, each of which has numerical characteristics of two competing word form use. The chronological frameworks for an inflectional model change are established with the accuracy of up to 10 years. The graphs obtained as the result of the experiment make it possible to conclude that almost half of the verbs were not variative, although they previously considered. During the discussion of the obtained empirical data, a conclusion is made about the morphemic structure of a word, in which a root vowel changes. Possessing the information about similar processes in other verb paradigms, researchers are able to predict a possible change of inflectional models in the future and, as a consequence, the fixing of a new norm in lexicographical, orthographic and orthoepic sources.