Tomasz Rutkowski

Railway infrastructure monitoring is crucial for transportation reliability and travelers’ safety. However, it requires plenty of human resources that generate high costs and is limited to the efficiency of the human eye. Integrating machine learning into the railway monitoring process can overcome these problems. Since advanced algorithms perform equally to humans in many tasks, they can provide a faster, cost-effective, and reproducible evaluation of the infrastructure. The main issue with this approach is that training machine learning models involves acquiring a large amount of labeled data, which is unavailable for rail infrastructure. We trained YOLOv5 and MobileNet architectures to meet this challenge in low-data-volume scenarios. We established that 120 observations are enough to train an accurate model for the object-detection task for railway infrastructure. Moreover, we proposed a novel method for extracting background images from railway images. To test our method, we compared the performance of YOLOv5 and MobileNet on small datasets with and without background extraction. The results of the experiments show that background extraction reduces the sufficient data volume to 90 observations.

This paper presents a novel approach to the design of explainable recommender systems. It is based on the Wang–Mendel algorithm of fuzzy rule generation. A method for the learning and reduction of the fuzzy recommender is proposed along with feature encoding. Three criteria, including the Akaike information criterion, are used for evaluating an optimal balance between recommender accuracy and interpretability. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the presented recommender system and illustrate its performance on the MovieLens 10M dataset.