Lidija Runko Luttenberger

Ekološka kriza u kojoj se čovječanstvo nalazi uključuje probleme masovne deforestacije, onečišćenja tla, vode i zraka. Dodatan stres na okoliš stvara globalno zatopljenje koje je uzrokovano stvaranjem stakleničkih plinova. Sve to ima negativan utjecaj na ekološki sustav, uzrokuje migraciju biljnog i životinjskog svijeta te posljedično čovjeka - one najsiromašnije koji žive od prirodnih blagodati. Kako bi se spriječilo daljnje degradiranje okoliša te omogućila pravedna ostavština budućim generacijama, znanstvenici i stručnjaci rade na osvještavanju društva o nastaloj ekološkoj krizi. Međutim, mjere koje su bile fokusirane na educiranje pojedinca, nisu dovoljno utjecale i na njegov odgoj. U modernoj kulturi je dominantno izražen kapitalizam, konzumerizam te materijalizam koje potiču multinacionalne kompanije kako bi ostvarile maksimalan profit, pa čovjek podliježe pretjeranom konzumerizmu i potrošnju, čime se stvaraju i velike potrebe za proizvodnjom. Proizvodnja opet često sa sobom vuče i novi pritisak na okoliš, a proizvodi na kraju svog vijeka opet završavaju kao otpad. Odgovor na ovo stanje čovjeka mogu između ostalih pružiti religije i njihovi vjerski svjetonazori jer većina svjetske populacije pripada nekoj vjeri. Vjere sadrže mudrost akumuliranu vjekovima, često nude pogled na život okrenut duhovnim vrijednostima, prirodi i pravednom međuodnosu ljudi. Cilj rada je analizirati mogućnosti utjecaja vjerskih svjetonazora u sprječavanju negativnih učinaka na okoliš putem odgoja i obrazovanja. Autori su primijenili metodu kvalitativnog istraživanja koja se temelji na službenim dokumentima i izviješćima, znanstvenoj literaturi, vjerskim izvorima, kao i prethodnom iskustvu i istraživanjima autora. Postavljanje novih odgojnih vrijednosti u čovjeka se uspješno može ostvariti putem različitih vjera i religija, u našem podneblju poglavito kršćanstvom, ali i svim drugim vjeroispovijestima kojima građani pripadaju. Samo je onaj etički razvoj ispravan koji ne potkopava život, dobrobit i opstanak budućih generacija. Današnja razina moći, znanja i tehnologije predstavlja izazov za odgovorno upravljanje.

Citizen complaints about environmental pollution are increasingly related to the presence of odours which are unfortunately the result of urban and industrial development and are the cause of multiple health-related problems. Odours also have an impact on the value of properties, tourism, and productivity. Human sense of smell is a protective mechanism and currently constitutes the most sensitive tool available for assessing the smells cape. Pollution contributes to dysfunction of the sense of smell and disrupts the quality of life. The paper reviews the parameters of smell, odour measurement methods, as well as the factors characterizing the nuisance caused by odour. Particular attention is drawn to the regulatory framework valid in different countries and regions which is related to odours, including regulations, standards, and guidelines. The presence of odours in a community is also the matter of non-compliance with environmental justice. The Republic of Croatia does not yet have odour regulations in place, although the Law on Ownership and Other Real Property Rights includes a provision on imissions stating that nobody can employ or use the property so as to cause, among others, the odours to penetrate another's property, while emitting unpleasant odours is considered the interference with property rights. In authors’ opinion, the Republic of Croatia and local self-governments may adopt and adapt the provisions applied in other countries because odours should be prevented and the effect of their emissions subject to limitations. Prigovori građana na okoliš se sve više odnose na prisustvo neugodnih mirisa, koji su nažalost posljedica urbanog i industrijskog razvoja i koji su izvor mnogobrojnih zdravstvenih problema. Smrad utječe i na vrijednost nekretnina, turizam i produktivnost. Ljudski njuh je zaštitni osjet i trenutno predstavlja najosjetljiviji raspoloživi alat za procjenu krajolika mirisa. Onečišćenje doprinosi disfunkciji osjeta njuha i tako remeti kvalitetu života ljudi. U radu se daje pregled parametara mirisa, metoda mjerenja mirisa, te faktora kojim se karakterizira neugoda uzrokovana smradom. Posebna pozornost je usmjerena na regulatorni okvir u različitim zemljama i regijama, koji se odnosi na neugodne mirise, a koji čine propisi, norme i smjernice. Prisustvo neugodnih mirisa u zajednici je, također, pitanje nepoštivanja okolišne pravde. U Republici Hrvatskoj još uvijek ne postoji regulativa koja se bavi neugodnim mirisima, iako Zakon o vlasništvu i drugim stvarnim pravima sadrži odredbu o imisijama koja kaže da se nitko ne smije služiti ni koristiti nekretninom na način da zbog toga na tuđu nekretninu dospiju, između ostalog, mirisi, a odašiljanje neugodnih mirisa se smatra uznemiravanjem u vlasničkim pravima. Po mišljenju autora, Republika Hrvatska i lokalne samouprave imaju priliku preuzeti i prilagoditi rješenja iz drugih zemalja, jer se smrad mora prevenirati, te ograničavati učinak emisija.

The hazards that particularly affect local coastal communities require education that is conducive to the development within planetary boundaries. The paper analyses the features of education for resilience and sustainability based on good practice and the principles stipulated in strategic documents on sustainable development issued by international organizations and professional associations. In developing the curricula for strengthening resilience, focus should be placed on deeper learning about local knowledge, on stimulating local sustainability, systems thinking, integrating teaching about the environment and responsible citizenship into all school subjects. To achieve the objectives proposed it is necessary to enhance whole-institution approach and bridge the divide between the subjects in humanities and STEM areas by providing courses which afford insights into connections between various disciplines required for perceiving local and global issues and the solutions thereto, and to implement citizen science. Resilience thinking should be embedded in planning and strategic environmental assessment procedures for a wide range of themes and activities affecting coastal area environment and its communities.

Luke imaju velik gospodarski značaj, ali također predstavljaju značajan izvor onečišćenja, bilo od brodskog tereta ili otpada koji nastaje na brodu. Koncept zelene luke primjenjuje se kao nova paradigma koja nastoji uskladiti lučke aktivnosti s okolišnim i socijalnim pitanjima bez ugrožavanja gospodarskog rasta, čime postaje sinonim za održivu luku. Uz nužnost uvođenja redovitog uzorkovanja mora u luci, potrebno je koristiti i nove dostupne tehnologije kao što je daljinsko istraživanje s ciljem unaprjeđenja nadzora nad kvalitetom vode i efikasnije kontrole onečišćenja morskih prostora, čime se pospješuje održivost luka. U radu se daje prikaz dostupnih aktualnih alata za analizu kvalitete mora te se analiziraju mogućnosti daljinskog istraživanja stanja kvalitete morskog okoliša na primjeru područja luke Rijeka, najveće luke u Republici Hrvatskoj.

The description of sound as a form of energetic pollutant is very complex as is also its impact on aquatic life. Human activities causing continuous and implosive underwater noise, such as marine traffic, maintenance of ships, coastal tourism, marine research, military, offshore energy platforms, generation of ocean energies and construction operations are expected to increase. The paper analyses current approach to minimise the impact of underwater noise and limit its emissions, examines regulatory approach and discusses the possibilities to control this type of pollution in order to ensure the preservation of natural underwater soundscape. The timely implementation and further development of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive and its provisions related to underwater noise is of exceptional importance for the Adriatic Sea, which is facing increasing pressure from various industries generating underwater noise.

Napredak u tehnici i prirodnim znanostima usmjeren smanjenju rizika od nepogoda pruža znanja o mehanizmima prirodnih opasnosti, uključujući procese koji ih pretvaraju u katastrofe. Takva znanstvena saznanja nude rješenja za izbjegavanje ranjivosti infrastrukture i društva. Područje Republike Hrvatske nalazi se na tektonski vrlo aktivnom području, čiju aktivnost dokazuju mnogi potresi zabilježeni kroz povijest. Depresivnost, posttraumatski stresni poremećaj, anksioznost i razni strahovi, najčešće su posljedice koje potres ostavlja na djeci i mladima. Rezilijentnost je sposobnost pojedinca da primjereno odgovori na stres koja se uči, vježba i razvija, pri čemu važnu ulogu imaju škola i edukacija. Djeca moraju znati da su potresi prirodne pojave i da se pojavljuju iznenada, ali isto tako moraju znati kako se ponašati ako do njih dođe, obzirom da živimo na seizmički aktivnom području. Stoga treba od najranije dobi djecu educirati i pripremati na mogućnost pojave potresa ali i drugih prirodnih katastrofa.

Biodiversity as a planetary boundary and sustainability are strongly related to fish stocks and fisheries that are regulated by a number of sources of law with the aim of achieving their sustainability. The paper analyses current application, impact and effectiveness of the Common Fisheries Policy that sets the rules for fishing fleets management in the European Union and for fish stocks conservation as well as the 2020 Report on its implementation by the European Court of Auditors. It also examines the present and potential implementation and effects of Blue Growth, Marine Strategy Framework Directive, United Nations legal framework and Sustainable Development Goals on fisheries and aquaculture activities in the Adriatic Sea, a semi-enclosed and biodiversity rich sea. Improvements in implementing marine ecosystem approach and marine spatial planning are proposed in policy and regulatory framework, focusing on characteristics of the Adriatic Sea. Resilient solutions require placing more focus on characteristics of regional seas and applying site-specific tailor-made solutions and less complex but efficient governance for the seas which entail integrated approach to exploitation and preservation of the resources and their health.

Marine transportation is considered to be one of the most important aspects of global transportation services. Due to the increase in marine transportation, there are significant impacts on the marine environment. One of the possible measures for mitigation of the environmental impact could be switching to environmentally friendly fuel. However, the alternative fuel selection process is considered to be a problem due to various criteria to be considered and stakeholders that should be involved in the selection process. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the application of multicriteria analysis as a decision-support tool for the alternative marine fuel selection problem in coastal marine traffic. The suggested methodology takes into account environmental, technological, and economic aspects, and ensures the participation of different stakeholders in the selection process. The priority ranking of the alternatives is based on a combination of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Simple Additive Weighting (SAW). The implementation of this method considers the involvement of relevant stakeholders through evaluation of the criteria weights and performance of each alternative with respect to each criterion. The method is applied for the case study of Croatia, where the results demonstrated that the best alternative for all stakeholders is electric propulsion, even though there are differences in opinions and perceptions with respect to the objectives and criteria. The findings of this analysis, likely the first of this type in this area, can serve as a solid basis for strategic planning.

Emissions produced by the fuel combustion in marine engines are one of major causes of the marine environment pollution and have negative impact on both human health and the environment. That impact is more pronounced for vessels which mostly operate near ports and inhabited areas, such as ro-ro passenger ships. In order to evaluate the environmental impact of a ship, a life cycle assessment of a ro-ro passenger vessel operating in the Adriatic Sea has been performed. Two different power system designs were investigated, i.e. lithium-ion battery-driven vessel and diesel engine-driven vessel. The analyses were performed by means of general LCA software GREET 2018, where the life cycle for both power system designs is divided in two stages: constitutive parts of the first stage are processes from life cycle of fuel without its use in vessel, while vessel operation represents the second stage. The analysis showed that diesel engine-driven vessel emits 79.740 kg CO2-eq/nm, versus battery-driven vessel with 27.471 kg CO2-eq/nm.