Pedro Ezequiel Ramírez González

En el análisis de fuentes históricas disponibles con respecto a la pacificación indígena en el septentrión novohispano, continúa pendiente revisar textos que nos puedan acercar de manera significativa a la interacción que se dio entre los capitanes protectores asignados para el reparto de los regalos de paz con los pueblos de indios recientemente asentados, de manera que podamos conocer los diferentes tipos de vicisitudes que se pudieron dar entre ellos. En el caso particular de este capítulo, se presenta una parte fundamental del aparato burocrático con el que el Imperio español buscó afianzar su control sobre los nuevos territorios: el proceso judicial a través de interrogatorios de testigos con sus respectivos testimonios y el registro por escrito por parte de los escribanos reales. El objetivo de este análisis es obtener información relevante sobre la participación en la toma de decisiones para que la paz en el pueblo de Santa María pudiera mantenerse y, sobre todo, cómo dicha paz dependía en gran medida de la relación que el capitán Pedro de Anda estableció con sus colaboradores españoles del almacén de San Luis, así como con los indios guachichiles por medio de los regalos de paz y su íntegra repartición, la cual se puso en duda durante este juicio.

El desafío de manejar datos históricos estáticos y transformarlos en herramientas educativas de simple acceso debe ser una prioridad para las instituciones culturales y educativas. El objetivo del presente capítulo es documentar la arquitectura y el proceso de desarrollo y manejo de un mapa interactivo, diseñado para la visualización y análisis espacial de los hechos ocurridos entre 1590 y 1601, durante el reparto de bienes de paz del capitán Pedro de Anda. El mapa interactivo resultante sirve como un recurso pedagógico dinámico, acortando la brecha temporal entre el pasado y el presente. El proyecto pone en evidencia que la aplicación de geotecnologías contemporáneas a datos históricos es una estrategia viable para fomentar un sentido más profundo de identidad comunitaria. Esta metodología proporciona un marco replicable para instituciones que buscan incentivar la difusión de sus archivos, más allá de sus repositorios físicos.

En el presente trabajo se aplican técnicas computacionales de análisis de textos para extraer datos del documento “Cuentas de la pacificación en las fronteras de Zacatecas”, elaborado en 1601 por Diego Infante del Águila, juez visitador de las fronteras chichimecas por mandato del rey (Infante del Águila, 1590). El documento registra el reparto de los llamados “bienes de paz”, entregados a los pueblos de indios del territorio ocupado por el actual estado mexicano de San Luis Potosí. A pesar de la complejidad que representa el español antiguo para el lenguaje de programación, es posible usar herramientas nativas de Python para obtener tablas dinámicas de datos a partir de transcripciones fieles de los documentos originales. Con las tablas de datos obtenidas realizamos análisis y visualización de datos, de tal manera que se facilita la comprensión e interpretación de los hechos históricos. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se observa que el capitán Pedro de Anda realizó los repartos en los pueblos de Santa María y Armadillo. Fue posible identificar a tres proveedores que dieron al capitán los bienes a repartir; ellos fueron Antonio López de Zepeda, Bartolomé de Albornoz y Juan Ceberio. Todos ellos hicieron esta asignación de bienes desde la Real Caja de Zacatecas. Todos los bienes fueron repartidos entre 1592 y 1601. La variedad de bienes repartidos (47 tipos en total) se agrupó en cuatro categorías: instrumentos, grano, indumentaria y ganado. Este trabajo muestra la gráfica de distribución por cada proveedor y se contrasta que las asignaciones o ‘cargos’ hechos al capitán no se igualan con las comprobaciones o ‘descargos’ registrados en el documento. Eso significa que en ningún caso le fue posible al capitán comprobar el total de los bienes otorgados para el reparto entre los indios.

In this work, we performed all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of the ionic liquids choline chloride (ChCl) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, as well as their mixtures with ethylene glycol (ETG) and urea (UR), to obtain deep eutectic solvents (DESs). We calculated the structural and transport properties of all systems studied to explore the differences between pure ILs and DESs. From these results, we discuss the ability of ETG and UR to orient themselves along the ionic electric field, similarly to water in classical electrolytes. This orientational behavior promotes an effective reduction of the electrostatic interactions (usually called “screening” within the context of classical electrolytes). We found that, similar to inorganic salts dissolved in water, the hydrogen-bond donors reduce electrostatic interactions between ions, leading to significant changes in their structural and transport properties.

We explore an idealized theoretical model for ion transport within highly asymmetric ionic liquid mixtures. A primitive model-inspired system serves as a representative for asymmetric ionic materials (such as liquid crystalline salts) which quench to form disordered, partially arrested phases. Self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory is applied to understand the connection between the size ratio of charge-matched salts and their average mobility. Within this model, we identify novel glassy states where one of the two charged species (without loss of generality, either the macro-cation or the micro-anion) is arrested, while the other retains liquid-like mobility. We discuss how this result is useful in the development of novel single-ion conducting phases in ionic liquid-based materials, for instance, conductors operating at low temperature or the technology associated with ionic liquid crystals.

In this work an artificial neural network (ANN) was used to determine the pressure and internal energy equations of state of noble gases and some molecular liquids by predicting thermodynamic state variables like density and temperature encoded in the radial distribution function. The ANN is trained to predict the thermodynamic state variables using only the structural data. Then, predicted values are used to compute equations of state of real liquids such as argon, neon, krypton and xenon as well as some molecular liquids like nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane and ethylene. In order to assess the ANN predictions the relative percentage error with the exact values were determined, showing that its magnitude is less than 1%. Thus, the comparison between equations of state computed with the predicted variables and experimental results exhibits a very good agreement for most of the liquids studied here. Since our ANN implementation only requires the microscopic structure as an input, data incoming from experiments, theoretical frameworks or simulations are suitable to perform predictions of state variables and with that complement the thermodynamic characterisation of liquids through the determination of equations of state. Moreover, further improvements or extensions related with the microscopic structure database can be safely addressed without changing the neural network architecture presented here.

In this work, we present a first-principles theoretical framework for the description of structural and dynamical behaviors of ionic liquids. This framework applies the self-consistent generalized Langevin equation (SCGLE) theory, which predicts the dynamically arrested states of several physical systems, including charge and size asymmetric ionic liquids. In its current form, the SCGLE is a particularly useful framework for predictions of arrested and partially arrested states in both classical and room-temperature molten salts, electrolytic solutions, and superionic conductors. Some illustrative examples of the predictive power of our framework are presented in this work, showing its potential application in design and development of novel conducting materials.

In this work a systematic study over a wide number of final thermodynamic states for two gel-forming liquids was performed. Such two kind of gel formers are distinguished by their specific interparticle interaction potential. We explored several thermodynamic states determining the thermodynamic, structural and dynamic properties of both liquids after a sudden temperature change. The thermodynamic analysis allows to identify that the liquid with short range attraction and long range repulsion lacks of a stable gas–liquid phase separation liquid, in contrast with the liquid with short range attractions. Thus, although for some thermodynamic states the structural behavior, measured by the static structure factor, is similar to and characteristic of the gel phase, for the short range attractive fluid the gel phase is a consequence of a spinodal decomposition process. In contrast, gelation in the short range attraction and long range repulsion liquid is not due to a phase separation. We also analyze the similarities and differences of the dynamic behavior of both systems through the analysis of the mean square displacement, the self part of the intermediate scattering function, the diffusion coefficient and the α relaxation time. Finally, using one of the main results of the non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory (NE-SCGLE), we determine the dynamic arrest phase diagram in the volume fraction and temperature (φ vs T) plane.

We present a first-principles formalism for studying dynamical heterogeneities in glass-forming liquids. Based on the non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory, we were able to describe the time-dependent local density profile during the particle interchange among small regions of the fluid. The final form of the diffusion equation contains both the contribution of the chemical potential gradient written in terms of a coarse-grained density and a collective diffusion coefficient as well as the effect of a history-dependent mobility factor. With this diffusion equation, we captured interesting phenomena in glass-forming liquids such as the cases when a strong density gradient is accompanied by a very low mobility factor attributable to the denser part: in such circumstances, the density profile falls into an arrested state even in the presence of a density gradient. On the other hand, we also show that above a certain critical temperature, which depends on the volume fraction, any density heterogeneity relaxes to a uniform state in a finite time, known as equilibration time. We further show that such equilibration time varies little with the temperature in diluted systems but can change drastically with temperature in concentrated systems.