Qian Liu

Thermophilic filamentous fungi are widely used for cellulase production at elevated temperatures; however, efficient recombinant protein production in these organisms remains limited because construction and screening of large transformant populations remain difficult. Here, Myceliophthora thermophila was engineered into a thermophilic fungal chassis through combinatorial deletion of genes associated with proteolysis, vesicle trafficking, and secretion, resulting in a hyper-secretory strain. An optimized expression cassette coupled with a laccase reporter enabled activity-based identification of productive transformants. Iterative genome engineering combined with QPix-assisted colony picking enabled parallel recovery and screening of fungal transformants, with 552 colonies recovered after transformation and dilution plating and 96 transformants further evaluated by ABTS-based plate screening. Targeted integration at the MtLacA locus enabled identification of productive recombinants through loss of laccase activity, and transformants frequently carried multicopy integrations. Through iterative screening and strain improvement, extracellular protein production reached ~1.1 g/L in shake-flask cultures and 5.9 g/L in a preliminary 5-L fermentation after 144 h using glucose as the carbon source. The chassis also supported the secretion of recombinant fungal enzymes and porcine growth factors. Collectively, these results establish a practical semi-automated workflow for recombinant protein production and strain engineering in thermophilic filamentous fungi. IMPORTANCE: Filamentous fungi are important industrial hosts, but strain engineering in these organisms is often constrained by low transformation efficiency, labor-intensive colony isolation, and limited screening throughput. In this study, we established a semi-automated engineering workflow in the thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila that combines dilution-based colony recovery, QPix-assisted colony isolation, and activity-based screening. More than 500 fungal colonies could be recovered and processed during a single engineering round, allowing rapid evaluation of transformants by ABTS-based plate screening. In addition to enhanced laccase production, the engineered chassis supported the secretion of multiple heterologous proteins, including fungal enzymes and porcine growth factors. These findings demonstrate the potential of thermophilic filamentous fungi as recombinant protein production hosts and provide a practical workflow for improving strain engineering efficiency in filamentous fungal systems.

Aspergillus niger is widely used in industrial enzyme production due to its strong secretion capacity and the status of generally recognized as safe (GRAS). However, heterologous protein expression in A. niger is frequently constrained by high levels of background endogenous protein secretion, limited access to native high transcription loci, and limitations in the efficiency of the secretory machinery. To address these limitations, this study genetically engineered a chassis strain based on an industrial glucoamylase-producing A. niger strain AnN1 for constructing the improved heterologous protein expression. In this study, by using CRISPR/Cas9-assisted marker recycling, we deleted 13 of the 20 copies of the heterologous glucoamylase TeGlaA gene and disrupted the major extracellular protease gene PepA, resulting in the low-background strain AnN2. Compared to the parental strain AnN1, AnN2 exhibited 61% less extracellular protein and significantly reduced glucoamylase activity, while retaining multiple transcriptionally active integration loci. Four diverse proteins were integrated into the high-expression loci originally occupied by the TeGlaA gene in the chassis AnN2. These recombinant protein included a homologous glucose oxidase (AnGoxM), a thermostable pectate lyase A (MtPlyA), a bacterial triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), and a medical protein Lingzhi-8 (LZ8). All target proteins were successfully expressed and secreted within 48-72 h, with yields ranging from 110.8 to 416.8 mg/L in 50 mL shake-flasks cultivation. The enzyme activities of AnGoxM, MtPlyA and TPI reached ~ 1276 - 1328 U/mL, ~ 1627. 43 - 2105.69 U/mL, and ~ 1751.02 to 1906.81 U/mg after 48 h, respectively. Additionally, Overexpression of Cvc2, a COPI vesicle trafficking component, further enhanced MtPlyA production by 18%, highlighting the benefit of combining transcriptional and secretory pathway engineering. Our results demonstrated that the chassis AnN2 served as a robust, modular, and time-efficient platform for heterologous protein expression in A. niger. Through site-specific integration of target genes into native high-expression loci and strategic modulation of the secretory pathway, we successfully enabled the rapid production of functional enzymes and bioactive proteins from diverse origins. This dual-level optimization strategy, which integrates rational genomic engineering with targeted enhancement of the secretory pathway, enabled high-yield expression while minimizing background interference. Together, these findings offer a practical framework for constructing versatile fungal expression systems and highlight the potential of combining genetic and cellular engineering to improve recombinant protein production in filamentous fungi.

Background: Glucoamylase is an important enzyme for starch saccharification in the food and biofuel industries and mainly produced from mesophilic fungi such as Aspergillus and Rhizopus species. Enzymes produced from thermophilic fungi can save the fermentation energy and reduce costs as compared to the fermentation system using mesophiles. Thermophilic fungus Myceliophthora thermophila is industrially deployed fungus to produce enzymes and biobased chemicals from biomass during optimal growth at 45 °C. This study aimed to construct the M. thermophila platform for glucoamylase hyper-production by broadening genomic targeting range of the AsCas12a variants, identifying key candidate genes and strain engineering. Results: In this study, to increase the genome targeting range, we upgraded the CRISPR-Cas12a-mediated technique by engineering two AsCas12a variants carrying the mutations S542R/K607R and S542R/K548V/N552R. Using the engineered AsCas12a variants, we deleted identified key factors involved in the glucoamylase expression and secretion in M. thermophila, including Mtstk-12, Mtap3m, Mtdsc-1 and Mtsah-2. Deletion of four targets led to more than 1.87- and 1.85-fold higher levels of secretion and glucoamylases activity compared to wild-type strain MtWT. Transcript level of the major amylolytic genes showed significantly increased in deletion mutants. The glucoamylase hyper-production strain MtGM12 was generated from our previously strain MtYM6 via genetically engineering these targets Mtstk-12, Mtap3m, Mtdsc-1 and Mtsah-2 and overexpressing Mtamy1 and Mtpga3. Total secreted protein and activities of amylolytic enzymes in the MtGM12 were about 35.6-fold and 51.9‒55.5-fold higher than in MtWT. Transcriptional profiling analyses revealed that the amylolytic gene expression levels were significantly up-regulated in the MtGM12 than in MtWT. More interestingly, the MtGM12 showed predominantly short and highly bulging hyphae with proliferation of rough ER and abundant mitochondria, secretion vesicles and vacuoles when culturing on starch. Conclusions: Our results showed that these AsCas12a variants worked well for gene deletions in M. thermophila. We successfully constructed the glucoamylase hyper-production strain of M. thermophila by the rational redesigning and engineering the transcriptional regulatory and secretion pathway. This targeted engineering strategy will be very helpful to improve industrial fungal strains and promote the morphology engineering for enhanced enzyme production.

Dextrose equivalent of glucose from starch hydrolysis is a critical index for starch-hydrolysis industry. Improving glucose yield and decreasing the non]-fermentable sugars which caused by transglycosylation activity of the enzymes during the starch saccharification is an important direction. In this study, we identified two key α-glucosidases responsible for producing non-fermentable sugars in an industrial glucoamylase-producing strain Aspergillus niger O1. The results showed the transglycosylation product panose was decreased by more than 88.0% in agdA/agdB double knock-out strains than strain O1. Additionally, the B-P1 domain of agdB was found accountable as starch hydrolysis activity only, and B-P1 overexpression in ΔAΔB-21 significantly increased glucoamylase activity whereas keeping the glucoamylase cocktail low transglycosylation activity. The total amounts of the transglycosylation products isomaltose and panose were significantly decreased in final strain B-P1-3 by 40.7% and 44.5%, respectively. The application of engineered strains will decrease the cost and add the value of product for starch biorefinery.

In the present study, we characterized a novel regulator MtTRC-1 in M. thermophila , which regulated cellulase production through direct transcriptional regulation of the Mthac-1 and Mtcbh-1 genes. Our data demonstrated that MtHAC-1 is a key factor for the cellulase secretion capacity of M. thermophila .

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger is widely exploited by the fermentation industry for the production of enzymes, particularly glucoamylase. Although a variety of genetic techniques have been successfully used in wild-type A. niger, the transformation of industrially used strains with few conidia (e.g., A. niger N1) or that are even aconidial (e.g., A. niger O1) remains laborious. Herein, we developed genetic tools, including the protoplast-mediated transformation and Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of the A. niger strains N1 and O1 using green fluorescent protein as a reporter marker. Following the optimization of various factors for protoplast release from mycelium, the protoplast-mediated transformation efficiency reached 89.3% (25/28) for N1 and 82.1% (32/39) for O1. The A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation efficiency was 98.2% (55/56) for N1 and 43.8% (28/64) for O1. We also developed a marker-free CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system using an AMA1-based plasmid to express the Cas9 protein and sgRNA. Out of 22 transformants, 9 albA deletion mutants were constructed in the A. niger N1 background using the protoplast-mediated transformation method and the marker-free CRISPR/Cas9 system developed here. The genome editing methods improved here will accelerate the elucidation of the mechanism of glucoamylase hyperproduction in these industrial fungi and will contribute to the use of efficient targeted mutation in other industrial strains of A. niger.

A CRISPR/Cas-based base-editing approach has been developed to introduce point mutations without inducing double-strand breaks (DSBs) and attracted substantial academic and industrial interest. Our study developed the deaminase-cytosine base-editing system to efficiently edit three target genes, amdS , cre-1 , and the essential cellulase regulator gene Mtclr-2 , in Myceliophthora thermophila .

Recent technical advances regarding filamentous fungi have accelerated the engineering of fungal-based production and benefited basic science. However, cha