Ricardo Melo

Background: The nurse manager ensures the safety and quality of care, promoting the organization of work, through defining the working methods. Aim: To understand the perspectives of nurse managers on the organization and implementation of nursing work methods in hospital settings. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted in a hospital in Portugal to explore how nurse managers perceive and experience nursing work methods in their daily practice. A total of 29 nurses with managerial roles participated in semistructured interviews between October and November 2023. Data were analyzed using content analysis, supported by the software Atlas.ti®. Results: Three themes emerged: the nurse manager’s conception of working methods, highlighting work organization strategies and strategies to ensure social visibility; working methods identified in the clinical context, namely, the traditional ones and those in use by nurses; factors that contribute to the selection of working methods, related to structure, process, and outcome. Conclusions: This study highlights that nurse managers recognize the nursing competency mix as a strategy for promoting safe and efficient care. Structural conditions, care processes, and outcomes directly influence the choice and effectiveness of work methods. In the Portuguese hospital context, these results offer valuable information to support nursing governance, optimize care delivery, and enhance the visibility and recognition of nursing practice.

Pain is one of the main reasons for care seeking and is considered a public health issue due to the suffering and disability associated with it. When it becomes chronic, it has a negative impact on the quality of life and can lead to depression. People are not adequately prepared for pain management, making it essential to empower them by increasing their ability to control their health, engage in care, and make informed choices. The interaction between the individual and the healthcare professional is crucial in this process. Objective: To map the scientific evidence on the empowerment of individuals with secondary chronic pain in an outpatient context. Materials and Methods: Scoping review, to be carried out according to the guidelines proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute, defining the protocol according to the established criteria and suitability for the selected databases (MEDLINE, CINHAL, COCHRANE, SciELO, Scopus, Mediclatina) and grey literature (RCAAP, DART-Europe). Studies will be included, with no time limit, with adults with secondary chronic non-cancer pain, which relate to the concept of empowerment, in an outpatient setting. Two independent researchers will analyse the relevance of the articles and extract and summarise the data. Presentation and interpretation of results: The data will be extracted into an evidence table aligned with the objective, followed by a subsequent narrative content analysis. Conclusion: We hope to identify relevant studies on the empowerment of individuals with secondary chronic pain, recognizing the need for a systematic review or primary investigation in case there are knowledge gaps.

RESUMO Objetivos: Analisar a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre os métodos de trabalho em enfermagem no contexto hospitalar. Métodos: Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado num hospital do norte de Portugal, com participação de 17 enfermeiros. Como instrumento de coleta de dados, recorreu se à entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados, recolhidos entre maio e junho de 2023, passaram por análise de conteúdo, com suporte do software Atlas.ti. Resultados: Emergiram três áreas temáticas: “Métodos de trabalho dos enfermeiros em contexto hospitalar”, destacando-se a concepção e componentes dos métodos de trabalho e os métodos em uso; “Implementação dos métodos de trabalho”, salientando-se fatores influenciadores e desafios à implementação; e “Impacto dos métodos de trabalho dos enfermeiros para os pacientes, enfermeiros e instituições”. Considerações Finais: Os métodos de trabalho constituem-se como a estrutura da assistência de enfermagem. Existem fatores que influenciam e desafios que se colocam à implementação desses métodos, produzindo impacto nos pacientes, enfermeiros e instituições.

Objectives: To analyze nurses’ perspectives on nurses’ work methods in the hospital context. Methods: A descriptive study with a qualitative approach was conducted in a hospital in northern Portugal, involving 17 nurses. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection. Data collected between May and June 2023 underwent content analysis, supported by Atlas.ti software. Results: Three thematic areas emerged: “Nurses’ work methods in a hospital context,” highlighting the conception and components of work methods and the methods in use; “Implementation of nurses’ work methods,” emphasizing influencing factors and challenges to implementation; and “Impact of nurses’ work methods on patients, nurses, and institutions.” Final Considerations: Nurses’ work methods constitute the structure of nursing care. Some factors influence and some challenges arise in the implementation of these methods, producing impacts on patients, nurses, and institutions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Construir e validar o conteúdo da Escala de Avaliação dos Métodos de Trabalho dos Enfermeiros. Métodos: Estudo metodológico realizado entre janeiro e fevereiro de 2022, baseado nos Padrões de Qualidade dos Cuidados de Enfermagem e no referencial de Imogene King. Para construção da Escala, realizou-se previamente revisão de literatura. A validação de conteúdo contou com 23 peritos. Resultados: A versão inicial continha 40 itens, organizados nos quatro métodos de trabalho identificados na literatura. Na primeira dimensão, dos dez itens, foram considerados sete e um foi reformulado. Na segunda, dos dez iniciais, foram considerados sete. A terceira dimensão constituiu-se por sete itens. Na quarta dimensão, reformularam-se três e excluíram-se três, ficando sete. A versão final ficou com 28 itens, cujo Índice de Validade de Conteúdo oscilou entre 0,83 e 1. Conclusões: Recorrer aos peritos tornou-se fundamental na construção e validação dos itens, conferindo segurança à continuidade dos procedimentos psicométricos.

Objective: To develop and validate the content of the Nurses’ Work Methods Assessment Scale. Methods: Methodological study conducted between January and February 2022, based on the Quality Standards for Nursing Care and Imogene King’s framework. A literature review was previously undertaken to design the scale. The content validation was carried out by 23 experts. Results: The initial version consisted of 40 items organized in four work methods identified in the literature. In the first dimension, from ten items, seven were considered, and one was reformulated. Seven of the initial ten items were considered in the second version. The third dimension consisted of seven items. In the fourth dimension, three items were reformulated, and three were excluded, leaving seven items. The final version ended with 28 items, whose Content Validity Index ranged between 0.83 and 1. Conclusions: The involvement of experts has become pivotal in the development and validation of the items, providing confidence to the continuity of psychometric procedures.

Background: most home care to dependent person is provided by a caregiver, family member of the person being cared for, who provides care in an unpaid manner. Nowadays, there are growing concerns about his mental health, and anxiety and burden are often associated with the caregiver role. Objective: to analyse the relation between sociodemographic variables and caregiver burden and anxiety. Methodology: quantitative, transversal study, with a snowball sample of 85 caregivers. The Zarit Burden Interview Scale and The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale and t Student, Kruskal-Wallis and U Mann-Whitney tests were used. Results: caregivers had a mean age of 51.97 years, were mostly female, married and had education up to nineth grade. It was found that 38.8% of caregivers had anxiety. Those who showed greater anxiety were between 50 and 60 years old (p=0.023) and had higher education (p=0.009). There are no statistically significant differences between other variables. Conclusion: age and education seem to have an influence on caregiver anxiety. Since the caregiver's anxiety can have repercussions on the person being cared for, it is extremely important to prevent and promote their mental health. Marco Contextual: la mayor parte del cuidado proporcionado as personas dependientes en el contexto de su casa es de la responsabilidad de un cuidador, miembro de la familia de la persona que cuida de manera no remunerada. Hoy en día, existe una creciente preocupación sobre su salud mental y la ansiedad y la sobrecarga se asocian con el desempeño del rol de cuidador. Objetivo: analizar la relación entre variables sociodemográficas y sobrecarga y ansiedad del cuidador. Metodología: cuantitativa, transversal, con muestra por redes, de 85 cuidadores. Se utilizaron la Escala de Sobrecarga del Cuidador y la Escala de Ansiedad, Depresión y Estrés y pruebas t de Student, Kruskal-Wallis y U Mann-Whitney. Resultados: os cuidadores tenían una edad media de 51,97 años, eran en su mayoría mujeres, casados y tenían escolaridad hasta el tercer ciclo. Se encontró que 38,8% de los cuidadores presentaban ansiedad. Los que mostraron mayor ansiedad tenían entre 50 y 60 años (p=0.023) y tenían educación superior (p=0.009). No existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre otras variables. Conclusión: la edad y la educación parecen influir en la ansiedad del cuidador. Dado que la ansiedad del cuidador puede repercutir en la persona cuidada, es de suma importancia intervenir para prevenir y promover su salud mental. Enquadramento: a maioria dos cuidados prestados a pessoas dependentes em contexto de domicílio é assegurada por um cuidador, familiar da pessoa cuidada, que presta cuidados de forma não remunerada. Atualmente emergem preocupações crescentes com a sua saúde mental e a ansiedade e sobrecarga surgem, muitas vezes, associadas ao desempenho deste papel. Objetivo: analisar a relação entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, sobrecarga e ansiedade do cuidador. Metodologia: quantitativa, transversal, com amostra por redes, de 85 cuidadores. Utilizada a Escala de Sobrecarga do Cuidador e a Escala de Ansiedade, Depressão e Stress e os testes t de Student, Kruskal-Wallis e U Mann-Whitney. Resultados: os cuidadores possuíam uma idade média de 51.97 anos, eram maioritariamente do sexo feminino, casados e apresentavam escolaridade até ao terceiro ciclo. Constatou-se que 38.8% dos cuidadores apresentavam ansiedade. Os que revelavam maior ansiedade tinham entre 50 e 60 anos (p=0.023) e como escolaridade o ensino superior (p=0.009). Não existem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre outras variáveis. Conclusão: a idade e a escolaridade parecem ter influência na ansiedade do cuidador. Uma vez que a ansiedade do cuidador pode ter repercussões na pessoa cuidada é de extrema importância intervir no sentido da prevenção e promoção da sua saúde mental.

Enquadramento: os cuidadores familiares são aqueles que assumem em primeira linha o papel de cuidar do seu familiar com dependência. Sendo este um processo desgastante, repleto de obstáculos e gerador de stress e ansiedade, o cuidador recorre frequentemente a estratégias para lidar com estas situações, as estratégias de coping. Objetivo: caraterizar as estratégias de coping mais utilizadas pelos cuidadores familiares, antes e após a implementação de um Programa de Intervenção de Enfermagem. Metodologia: estudo quase-experimental, longitudinal, de metodologia quantitativa, com uma amostra de conveniência de 70 cuidadores familiares. Utilizados um questionário sociodemográfico e um instrumento de avaliação de estratégias de coping utilizadas, o Questionário Brief COPE. Análise estatística realizada com o recurso ao SPSS 23.0. Dados apresentam distribuição normal, pelo que foram utilizados testes paramétricos na sua análise. Resultados: cuidadores são maioritariamente idosos, do sexo feminino, baixa escolaridade, sem ocupação profissional e coabitam com o seu familiar dependente. Estratégias de coping mais utilizadas, tanto na avaliação inicial como final são Coping Ativo, Planear e Religião. Conclusão: verificou-se o recurso a um maior número de estratégias de coping, apesar de não se conseguir definir claramente um estilo de coping predominante. A importância do papel do enfermeiro na capacitação do cuidador familiar foi destacada.

The iNursing Journal (iNJ) is the ocial journal of the International Nursing School (INS) and intends to disseminate the evidence-based nursing and health care, contributing to the advancement of relevant knowledge in the fields of clinic, management, education, research, advice, as well as to support decisions in public policies. The iNJ is an international journal that intends to receive proposals for publication from all over the world, respecting cultural diversity, as well as a diversity of contexts and of theoretical-methodological approaches that inform professionals, users, and political stakeholders for their decision-making. The articles published in iNJ must make clear their international knowledge translation and show a critical-reflective, scientific, theoretical and culturally sensitive approach. Although iNJ is mainly dedicated to research in nursing and health sciences, there are no restrictions on articles’ authorship, if they fit the requirements and format of the iNJ. In fact, the iNJ addresses and welcomes articles in health sciences and nursing. The journal publishes randomized trials, observational studies, qualitative research, systematic reviews, scoping reviews, among others. All articles submitted will be subject to double-blind peer review. The iNJ has an Editorial Team headed by the Editor-in-Chief that additionally has the assistance of the Deputy Editor-in-Chief, Editorial Team Members, and Reviewers. The Editorial Team in addition, is supported by an Oce Administrator. Members of the Editorial Team meet regularly to evaluate the iNJ progress and to discuss overall goals. The frequency of the Editorial Team meetings vary depending on the specific needs of the journal. In the following sections, we start to explain the Article Submission Guidelines, including the rules, bibliographic reference standards and article submission process. Followed by the Article Preparation section, that incorporates the dierent documents that must be submitted, including the Author consent and terms agreement that must be duly read, fulfilled and signed, and also give examples of checklists that can be used to prepare your article for submission. Finally, we present the iNJ Ethics Statement, Duties and Policies. INTRODUCTION FOREWORD It is with great honour and humility to assume the role of Editor-in-Chief of iNursing Journal (iNJ), a pioneering journal of the International Nursing School (INS) advocating the advancement of knowledge under the field of health, education and research. The iNJ is committed to publishing high quality articles and providing its readers in general --- academic scholars, researchers and students highly informative journal that demonstrates advancement of knowledge on subject areas that represent the core of INS as an institution of academic learning. I am fortunate to be supported by a highly eective editorial team and peer reviewers. I take this opportunity to thank our contributing authors, editors, reviewers who have been instrumental to the realization of the iNJ. Thank you for choosing iNJ as your home. I am inviting everyone to submit his or her research articles for future issues of iNJ. Together, let us continue transforming lives through the advancement of academic and scientific research. Dr. Marília Rua Editor-in-Chief, iNursing Journal iNursing Journal - Manual for Authors 5 The iNursing Journal (iNJ) is an international scientific journal that addresses and welcomes articles in the field of, but not limited to nursing, health sciences and health care in general. The journal publishes several types of articles from research to review studies. All articles submitted will be subject to double-blind peer review.

Introduction: Clinical Teaching (CT) is a training and evaluation tool used by Nursing courses. In view of the path taken, technical dexterity and expansion of theoretical knowledge, the performance and training of the student as an upcoming professional is evaluated. It is essential to find out the importance of CT as a learning method. Aims: To identify the importance of Clinical Teaching in the training of nursing students. Methodology: Integrative literature review, based on the do Joanna Briggs Institute methodology, in the PubMed, SciELO, BVS and RCAAP databases, between January 2012 and December 2018. Articles about nursing students and / or nurses, over 18 years old, with a focus on CT were included. Results: In the initial research, 20538 was obtained and, after implementing the previously established criteria, in the end 10 articles were obtained, which were analyzed in detail. Five are quantitative studies and another five are qualitative studies. As for quantitative studies, they used several instruments to obtain the data. As for qualitative studies, most of them used interviews and open-ended questionnaires. Nursing students translate the CT as positive, despite seeing discrepancies between the knowledge acquired in the classroom and those exercised in clinical practice. They highlight the interaction with clients, the development of the therapeutic relationship and the opportunity to exercise what they have learned in a theoretical context with a positive connotation. Conclusions: Despite stress and anxiety, it was found the importance of performing CT in the context of clinical practice for personal and professional development, both in terms of technical dexterity and interpersonal skills, resulting in better training for the future nursing professional. Better knowledge of the stress factors of the TC allows to optimize facilitating strategies and optimize this learning period.