Elena Santainés-Borredá

Durante el conflicto de Irán-Irak (1980-1988) la demanda asistencial requirió la movilización de un elevado número de profesionales sanitarios, entre los cuales destacó el papel de la enfermería. En aquella época, la enfermería comenzaba a desarrollarse como disciplina en el Próximo Oriente, siendo fundamental su papel en el cuidado de los heridos. Como objetivo se propuso determinar las funciones que realizaba enfermería para tratar a los heridos durante la guerra de Irán-Irak. Se realizó una revisión de alcance siguiendo las reco- mendaciones PRISMA-ScR, en las bases de datos Scopus, Pubmed, Cuiden Plus, Scielo y Dialnet con las ecuaciones de búsqueda “Iran Iraq war” AND “nurs*”, “Iran Iraq war wounds” AND “nurs*” y “Iran Iraq war wounds” AND “hospital*”, obteniendo un total de 15 artículos. Los resultados reflejaron la presencia de las funciones docente, gestora y asistencial en el conflicto bélico Irán-Irak, con sus especificaciones. La atención sanitaria fue organizada mediante tres niveles de atención claramente diferenciados. Enfermería tuvo un papel fundamental en el cuidado de los soldados heridos, siendo los casos más frecuentes, las afecciones por químicos (gas nervioso, gas mostaza y cianuro) y las heridas maxilofaciales, sin olvidar su rol en el ámbito docente y asistencial quirúrgico. Los hallazgos permitieron establecer un marco comparativo con otros conflictos bélicos, como por ejemplo la guerra de Bosnia, evidenciando la capacidad histórica de la enfermería para adaptarse y reorganizar la atención sanitaria en contextos bélicos extremos. Una situación que solicita fomentar la especialización de la enfermería extrahospitalaria y de urgencias, tanto para maximizar el rendimiento de los profesionales, como para garantizar la supervivencia de las personas afectadas.

Environmental factors have been identified as having a direct relationship with physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between microscale built-environment attributes and the levels of PA and sedentary behavior in young people. This study included 465 adolescents (55% girls) between 14 and 18 years from Valencia, Spain. Accelerometers and self-reported questionnaires were used to measure PA, including active commuting, and sedentary behavior, and the MAPS (Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes)-Global tool was used for microscale variables. Mixed-effects regression models were used for data analysis. Higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous activity were identified when more positive elements were found in the street characteristics. Greater active commuting in the neighborhood had a positive relationship not only with more positive elements of land use and destinations but also with the overall score of the MAPS-Global tool. The sedentary levels were higher when higher levels of negative aesthetics and social characteristics were identified, and the participants were less sedentary when more bike facilities were observed. The main results of this study provide us with evidence of the relationship between the microscale variables of the built environment and both PA and sedentary behavior.

El movimiento de nuestras vidas viene modelado, en parte, por las políticas sociales que se van desarrollando a lo largo del tiempo, generando contextos culturales que determinan nuestro devenir y evolución. Y digo en parte, porque hay otras múltiples razones por las que nuestras vidas pueden ir construyéndose y cobrando un sentido propio [Fragmento de texto].

Purpose: The Spanish surgeon Federico Rubio-Galí worked at St. Thomas Hospital in England at the time when Florence Nightingale founded the Nightingale Training School for Nurses (1860). Apparently, he was quite aware of Nightingale's nursing work and expertise and it is known that founded the first Spanish nursing school, in Madrid, in 1896. This led us to wonder if the emergence of his school was purely by chance or was connected to what its founder learned in England. Likely, this learned knowledge led him to apply Nightingale's ideas and to put them into practice in his institution. Methods: We used content analysis techniques and developed categories and subcategories to search for ideological similarities between Nightingale and Rubio-Galí. Findings: The results reflected similarities and coincidences on several issues, mainly related to ventilation, light, infection, hygiene, food, rest, practical training, and observation, among others. Conclusions: The concepts listed by Nightingale and Rubio-Galí are important for the analysis of nursing from an epistemological and ontological perspective. We concluded that Rubio-Galí was fully aware of Nightingale's ideas and that he implemented several of them in his institution. Implications for nursing practice: Historical research always implies progress in the field of practice and knowledge, permitting arise new issues. The data presented in this article open new questions for practice and the history of Spanish nursing.