Xingjian Yang

Agricultural nonpoint source pollution is emerging as one of the increasingly serious environmental concerns all over the world. This study conducted field experiments in Zengcheng District, Guangzhou City, from 2019 to 2023 to explore the mechanisms by which different crop types, fertilization modes, and meteorological conditions affect the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in agricultural nonpoint source pollution. In rice and corn, the CK and PK treatment groups showed significant fitting advantages, such as the R² of rice-CK reaching 0.309. MAE was 0.395, and the R² of corn-PK was as high as 0.415. For compound fertilization groups such as NPK and OF, the model fitting ability decreased, such as the R² of rice-NPK dropping to 0.193 and the R² of corn-OF being only 0.168. In addition, the overall performance of the model was limited in the modeling of total phosphorus. A relatively good fit was achieved in corn (such as NPK group R² = 0.272) and in vegetables and citrus. R² was mostly below 0.25. The results indicated that fertilization management, crop types, and meteorological conditions affected nitrogen and phosphorus losses in agricultural runoff. Cornfields under conventional nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizer (NPK) and conventional nitrogen and potassium fertilizer treatment without phosphorus fertilizer (NK) treatments exhibited the highest nitrogen losses, while citrus fields showed elevated phosphorus concentrations under NPK and PK treatments. Organic fertilizer treatments led to moderate nutrient losses but greater variability. Organic fertilizer treatments resulted in moderate nutrient losses but showed greater interannual variability. Meteorological drivers differed among crop types. Nitrogen enrichment was mainly associated with high temperature and precipitation, whereas phosphorus loss was primarily triggered by short-term extreme weather events. Linear regression models performed well under simple fertilization scenarios but struggled with complex nutrient dynamics. Crop-specific traits such as flooding in rice fields, irrigation in corn, and canopy coverage in citrus significantly influenced nutrient migration. The findings of this study highlight that nutrient losses are jointly regulated by crop systems, fertilization practices, and meteorological variability, particularly under extreme weather conditions. These findings underscore the necessity of crop-specific and climate-adaptive nutrient management strategies to reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution. By integrating long-term field observations with machine learning–based analysis, this study provides scientific evidence to support sustainable fertilizer management, protection of water resources, and environmentally responsible agricultural development in subtropical regions. The proposed approaches contribute to sustainable land and water resource utilization and climate-resilient agricultural systems, aligning with the goals of sustainable development in rapidly urbanizing river basins.

Organic micropollutants in agricultural soils pose significant ecological and health risks. This study conducted the first large-scale, integrated non-targeted screening and targeted analysis across China’s major food-producing regions. Using high-resolution mass spectrometry, 498 micropollutants were identified, including pesticides, industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, personal care products, food additives, natural products, and emerging contaminants. Spatial analysis revealed strong correlations in pesticide detections between Henan and Hebei, as well as between Hebei and Shandong, indicating pronounced regional similarities in pesticide occurrence patterns. Concentrations of 50 quantified micropollutants showed clear spatial variability, which was associated with precipitation, water use, and agricultural output, reflecting climate–agriculture–socioeconomic synergies. Greenhouse soils accumulated higher micropollutant levels than open fields, driven by intensive agrochemical inputs, plastic-film confinement, and reduced phototransformation. Co-occurrence patterns indicated similar pathways for personal care products, industrial chemicals, and pesticides, whereas natural products and pharmaceuticals showed lower levels of co-occurrence due to crop-specific exudates, fertilization, and rainfall-driven leaching. Among cropping systems, orchard soils had the highest micropollutant accumulation, followed by paddy and vegetable soils, consistent with frequent pesticide use and minimal tillage. Risk quotients indicated moderate-to-high ecological risks at over half of the sites. These results reveal complex soil pollution patterns and highlight the need for dynamic inventories and spatially differentiated, crop- and system-specific mitigation strategies.