Heny Setyawati

Background. Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are an important foundation for physical activity, physical literacy, sports participation, fitness, and healthy development of children. However, FMS pedagogy in elementary schools is so diverse that a synthesis is needed to identify the most consistent approaches to support children's motor development. Purpose. This systematic review aims to synthesize the latest evidence on school-based and school-related pedagogy targeting FMS, gross motor skills, motor competence, coordination, physical activity, fitness, and implementation outcomes in primary school children. Data sources. Records from Scopus and the Web of Science are used as primary sources with a Boolean search strategy that combines the terms FMS or gross motor skills, primary or elementary education, school-based intervention, pedagogy, instruction, and physical education. Eligibility criteria. Studies published in 2021–2025 were included when they involved elementary school children, teachers, families, or school contexts and reported on motor, physical activity, fitness, psychosocial, or implementation outcomes. Assessment and synthesis methods. The selection process follows the PRISMA flow; 214 records were identified and 26 reports were included. Data are extracted based on design, sample, intervention, output size, key findings, and evidence domains. Due to the heterogeneity of the study, narrative synthesis is used. Results. Rhythmic activities, interdisciplinary physical education, BRAINballs, traditional games, Physical Activity Cards, swimming, augmented reality, and exergaming generally show a positive impact on FMS or fitness. Implementation is influenced by teacher competence, feedback, resources, leadership, and school support. Conclusion. FMS develops most strongly when schools provide specific skills practice, engaging pedagogy, valid assessments, and ongoing implementation support.

Introduction: Lay-up shooting is a fundamental offensive skill that significantly influences scoring effectiveness in basketball; however, empirical evidence on its multifactorial determinants in Southeast Asian competitive contexts remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of training method (part vs. whole), motor educability, and practice density on lay-up shooting performance, as well as to compare the relative contribution of each predictor among competitive players. Methodology: A 2 × 2 factorial experimental design was employed involving 80 competitive basketball players (60 males, 20 females; M age = 18.5 ± 2.3 years) recruited from clubs and university teams. Motor educability was measured using the Iowa Brace Motor Educability Test, practice density was monitored through systematic time-sampling, and lay-up performance was assessed using an AAHPERD-adapted shooting test. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and two-way ANOVA. Results: The results indicated that motor educability accounted for 42.5% of the variance in lay-up performance (R² = 0.425; p < 0.001). The inclusion of practice density increased the explained variance by 17.8% (ΔR² = 0.178; p < 0.001), while training method contributed an additional 7.5% (ΔR² = 0.075; p = 0.003), resulting in a total R² of 0.678. A significant interaction effect between training method and motor educability was observed (F(1,76) = 8.34, p = 0.005, η² = 0.099), indicating that whole figure training is more effective for athletes with higher motor educability. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of individualized training approaches, emphasizing motor educability assessment and optimal practice density to enhance lay-up performance.

This study aimed to: (1) assess the level of physical literacy among obese adult women; (2) evaluate their lung capacity and cardiorespiratory performance; and (3) examine the interrelationships among these variables. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted involving 18 obese adult women in Tegal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Participants were assessed for Body Mass Index (BMI), physical literacy using a validated 24-item questionnaire, lung capacity using spirometry, and cardiorespiratory performance using the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT). The mean BMI of participants was 31.95±4.26 (Kg/m²), with an average physical literacy score of 76.21±10.01 (moderate level). Lung capacity (FVC) averaged 1.76±0.60 L, and the FEV1/FVC ratio was 82.14±16.63%. Participants completed an average 6MWT distance of 352.08±32.37 meters, indicating reduced cardiorespiratory performance (63.30±6.89% of predicted). Obesity level was significantly correlated with lung capacity, cardiorespiratory performance, and inversely with physical literacy (p<0.05). BMI showed significant negative correlation with physical literacy (p0.05). Most participants retained normal lung function despite obesity. Obese adult women in this study generally demonstrated moderate physical literacy and average lung and cardiorespiratory function. Obesity level, more than BMI alone, was a stronger predictor of reduced lung capacity and physical performance. Findings highlight the importance of integrating physical literacy into gender-responsive obesity interventions.

Introduction: This study aims to analyze the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) using elastic bands, performed on land and in water, on the physical condition and motivation of female volleyball athletes. Volleyball demands high levels of explosive strength, agility, endurance, and psychological readiness to maintain optimal performance during training and matches. Objective: To examine the effects of land-based and water-based High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) using elastic bands on the physical condition and motivation of female volleyball athletes. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design with a control group was implemented, involving 110 athletes from the Jaya Surya Volleyball Club in Pangandaran, Indonesia. Participants were divided into three groups: land-based HIIT, water-based HIIT, and a control group that continued standard training. The intervention lasted four weeks, with sessions conducted three to four times per week at an intensity of 80–90% HRmax. Physical fitness tests included endurance, strength, flexibility, agility, balance, speed, and power, while motivation was assessed using a validated Likert-scale questionnaire. Results: The results showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in both experimental groups, with the water-based HIIT group achieving the greatest improvements in endurance (+19.3%), flexibility (+4.3%), and motivation (+12.2%). Discussion: These findings suggest that an aquatic environment enhances the effectiveness of exercise by optimizing physiological adaptations and intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, both training models positively influenced the athletes’ motivation levels, with participants reporting higher levels of enjoyment and engagement during training sessions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that integrating land-based and water-based HIIT using elastic bands can be an effective and innovative training strategy to improve physical performance and motivation among female volleyball athletes. This study provides practical implications for coaches and sports instructors in designing varied and efficient conditioning programs for volleyball athletes.

Introduction: Objective, field-ready instruments are needed in karate because punch performance depends on both speed and power. In practice, punch evaluation relies on coach observation, which supports technical feedback but is limited in producing repeatable measurement data. Few studies have examined devices designed for karate punching. Objective: This study examined the validity and reliability of a microcontroller-based instrument for measuring karate punch speed and power. Results: The study used a research and development approach involving expert validation, a small-group trial with 10 karate athletes, and a large-group trial with 20 athletes from FORKI Palembang, Indonesia. Expert judgment showed feasibility, with scores of 93% from the karate coaching expert, 92% from the karate refereeing expert, and 90% from the mechatronics and sensor expert, producing an average score of 91%. Normality was examined using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, with significance values of .498 for speed and .800 for power. Pearson analysis showed a strong inverse association between speed and power outputs (r = -.972, p < .001), interpreted as preliminary empirical coherence rather than standalone validity evidence. Test-retest results indicated stable scores, with corrected item-total correlation values ranging from .994 to .999 and Cronbach’s alpha if item deleted values ranging from .997 to .999. Discussion: These findings indicate that the instrument can provide stable measurements of karate punch performance in applied settings, although future criterion-related validation against biomechanical systems is needed. Conclusions: The instrument appears feasible, reliable, and promising for training evaluation and athlete monitoring, provided future studies strengthen criterion-related validation and sensor refinement.

Introduction: This study is motivated by the limited availability of instructional media and the insufficient competence of teachers in delivering sports massage content within vocational education. It aims to develop audio-based instructional media to facilitate more effective and inclusive learning in sports massage. Methodology: The study adopts a research and development approach encompassing 10 stages, from research and information collection to dissemination and implementation. The participants included 6 respondents in the preliminary field test stage, 15 in the main field test, and 42 in the operational field test. Research instruments comprised expert validation sheets, feasibility questionnaires, and skills tests. Data were analyzed using Aiken’s V for content validity, descriptive percentage analysis, and paired-samples t-tests, following the fulfillment of normality and homogeneity assumptions. Results: The findings indicate that the developed media achieved a high level of validity, with an Aiken’s V coefficient of 0.83, categorized as highly valid. Feasibility testing demonstrated an improvement in media quality, reflected in the increase of the “Very Good” category from 53.33% in the main field test to 78.57% in the operational field test. Effectiveness testing revealed a statistically significant improvement in pre-test and post-test scores across both stages, with a p-value of 0.000 (< 0.05), indicating that the media effectively enhanced practical sport massage skills. Conclusions: The developed audio-based sport massage instructional media are valid, feasible, and effective in improving practical skills while supporting more inclusive learning for students with visual impairments.

Background: Psychological responses to sport injury critically determine rehabilitation engagement and return-to-sport outcomes. Existing research has predominantly employed variable-centered approaches that obscure heterogeneity in athletes' psychological adaptation, particularly within culturally embedded combat sports such as Pencak Silat. Aims: This study aimed to identify distinct psychological profiles among injured Pencak Silat athletes empirically and to examine how these profiles relate to rehabilitation readiness, thereby advancing an evidence-based framework for psychological skills training in injury rehabilitation contexts. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest design combined with a person-centered analytical framework was employed. Data were collected from 108 injured Pencak Silat athletes across nine secondary educational institutions. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was conducted on five psychological domains: anxiety regulation, coping skills, self-confidence, motivation, and rehabilitation readiness, followed by MANOVA and hierarchical regression to examine profile-based differences and predictive relationships. Results: Three distinct profiles, Vulnerable (n = 29), Adaptive (n = 46), and Resilient (n = 33), were identified. All psychological indicators differed significantly across profiles, with large effect sizes. Hierarchical regression demonstrated that psychological skills and profile membership accounted for significant variance in rehabilitation readiness beyond injury-related factors (ΔR² = .19). Conclusion: Psychological adaptation to sport injury is best conceptualized through profile-based configurations of psychological skills. These findings support the development of individualized, profile-informed psychological skills training to enhance rehabilitation readiness and sustainable return-to-sport outcomes in Pencak Silat athletes.

Introduction: The global fitness industry continues to grow, with personal training (PT) services emerging as a major trend that not only increases revenue but also enhances member retention. Service quality, trainer competence, facilities, and social interaction have been proven to significantly determine satisfaction and loyalty. Therefore, structured PT and quality supervision are key factors in retaining members in a competitive market. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of personal training programs on sales performance and client retention at Celebrity Fitness Paragon Semarang, as well as to identify core service factors that support long-term member loyalty. Methodology: This study used a mixed-methods case study design involving 1,243 clients, 13 trainers, and 2 sales managers, analyzing quantitative data in the form of monthly sales, retention, and satisfaction through statistical tests (descriptive, paired t-tests, regression, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.89), as well as qualitative data from semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed thematically using NVivo. Discussion: The findings revealed an 83% increase in Personal Training (PT) sales and client retention reaching 92.44% in June, despite fluctuations between March and May. Regression analysis identified client satisfaction and trainer relationships as the strongest predictors of retention, whereas session frequency showed only a moderate influence, emphasizing the importance of psychosocial factors in program success. Conclusions: The effectiveness of personal training programs not only increases short-term sales but also builds client loyalty and retention through the synergy of promotional strategies, service quality, instructor interaction, and psychosocial factors.

Introduction: Social-emotional development is a crucial aspect in early childhood education. This study explores the impact of physical activity-based freedom of movement on social-emotional development in kindergarten. Methodology: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was used, with two groups: a treatment group (n=65) and a control group (n=66) from four public kindergartens in Yogyakarta. The treatment group participated in a physical activity-based freedom of movement program, while the control group followed a conventional curriculum. Social-emotional development was measured using a validated tool, and data analysis included dependent samples t-tests for within-group comparisons and independent samples t-tests for differences between the groups. Results: Significant improvements were observed in both groups. The dependent samples t-test for the treatment group showed t = 25.482, p = 0.001; for the control group, t = 14.703, p = 0.001. The independent samples t-test for post-assessment revealed t = 6.514, p = 0.001, indicating a significant difference between the treatment and control groups, with the treatment group showing greater improvement. Conclusions: Physical activity-based freedom of movement significantly enhances social-emotional development in young children, making it an effective pedagogical strategy in early childhood education.

Introduction: This study examined the impact of different types of verbal feedback on basketball perimeter shooting performance, focusing on how players' personality traits influence their response to feedback. Objective: The aim was to compare the effectiveness of real-time verbal augmented feedback (VAF) with delayed terminal feedback, analyzing their efficacy for introverted and extroverted players. Methodology: A quasi-experimental design was employed with 40 participants, using a personality inventory to classify players and shooting accuracy tests before and after a six-week training program. Data were analyzed using t-tests and two-way ANOVA. Results: All players showed significant improvement, but extroverts performed better with immediate VAF, while introverts excelled with terminal feedback. Terminal feedback yielded nearly equal results for both personality types. Discussion: The findings align with prior research highlighting extroverts' preference for social interaction and introverts' inclination toward reflective environments. However, this study revealed that terminal feedback may neutralize personality-based differences, a less explored aspect in existing literature. Conclusions: The results emphasize the importance of tailoring feedback methods to players' personalities to optimize training. Terminal feedback emerges as a promising universal tool in sports coaching.