Renaud Snanoudj

Bortezomib has been proposed as a treatment for antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) after kidney transplantation; however, its efficacy remains uncertain. We conducted a multicenter, randomized, open-label trial in France between February 2015 and July 2019 in adult kidney transplant recipients with late active AMR associated with de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA). Sixty of the planned 100 patients were randomized 1:1 to receive standard-of-care consisting of corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulin, either alone or with bortezomib administered as two cycles of four infusions. The primary endpoint was a composite of a >50% reduction in immunodominant DSA mean fluorescence intensity and stabilization or improvement of microvascular inflammation and transplant glomerulopathy on graft biopsy at 12 months. This endpoint was achieved in 40.0% of patients receiving bortezomib and 33.3% receiving standard-of-care alone in the intention-to-treat analysis (RR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.61–2.34; p = 0.59), and in 50.0% and 42.1%, respectively, in the per-protocol analysis (RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.60–2.36; p = 0.62). Neither component differed between groups. Serious adverse events occurred in 23 patients (76.7%) receiving bortezomib and 14 patients (46.7%) receiving standard-of-care alone (p = 0.017). Adding bortezomib did not demonstrate a significant efficacy benefit and was associated with a higher incidence of serious adverse events ( ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT02201576).

Les alloanticorps anti-HLA sont dirigés vis-à-vis de différents épitopes des molécules du système HLA. Cette immunisation survient lors d'une transplantation d'organe, de transfusions sanguines ou d'une grossesse. On retrouve aussi ces anticorps, lorsque les techniques de détection sont sensibles, en l'absence de tout évènement immunisant. En transplantation d'organe, rénale en particulier, la présence d’anticorps anti-HLA, du fait des lésions de rejet humoral qu'ils induisent, constitue une des premières causes de perte de fonction des greffons à moyen et long terme. Néanmoins, les cellules lymphocytaires qui sont la source de ces anticorps anti-HLA demeurent mal identifiées.Dans la première partie de ce travail, nous avons étudié, dans une cohorte de patients en attente de transplantation rénale, la distribution des différentes sous-populations lymphocytaires B circulantes par cytométrie de flux en relation avec la nature des évènements immunisants vis-à-vis du système HLA, la présence et la diversité des anticorps anti-HLA. Nous avons étudié en parallèle les concentrations sériques de BAFF ("B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family"), principal facteur impliqué dans la survie et la différenciation des lymphocytes B matures. Nous avons retrouvé une association entre la présence et la diversité des anticorps anti-HLA, et l'augmentation de la proportion de lymphocytes B naïfs activés Bm2, par rapport aux autres sous-populations lymphocytaires B, et indépendamment de l'existence d'évènements immunisants. Les concentrations sériques de BAFF étaient également associées positivement à la présence et à la diversité des anticorps anti-HLA. Ces données suggèrent que l'augmentation des lymphocytes B naïfs activés et des concentrations sériques de BAFF favorise le développement des anticorps anti-HLA à la suite d'un événement immunisant. A l'instar du mécanisme évoqué en auto-immunité, BAFF pourrait intervenir en présence de l'alloantigène en favorisant la survie de clones B alloréactifs.Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous nous sommes intéressés plus particulièrement à l'implication des lymphocytes B mémoire alloréactifs dans la réponse humorale anti-HLA. Pour détecter les lymphocytes B mémoire circulants, nous avons utilisé un test de stimulation polyclonale permettant leur différenciation en plasmablastes puis nous avons recherché et étudié la spécificité des anticorps anti-HLA produits dans les surnageants de culture. Un premier résultat important a été la possibilité de détecter, chez les patients présentant des anticorps anti-HLA, des lymphocytes B mémoire alloréactifs circulants plusieurs années après un événement immunisant. En deuxième lieu, la présence de ces lymphocytes B mémoire était associée au nombre d'évènements immunisants. En effet, les patients ayant développé, en l'absence d'événement immunisant des anticorps anti-HLA - dont nous montrons par ailleurs le caractère potentiellement pathogène - n'ont pas présenté de lymphocytes B mémoire alloréactifs circulants. Enfin, à l'aide du logiciel HLAMatchmaker, nous avons montré que les anticorps produits par les lymphocytes B mémoire étaient dirigés contre un nombre restreint d'épitopes partagés par plusieurs antigènes HLA, ce qui suggère une oligoclonalité du contingent B mémoire alloréactif. Chez les mêmes patients, les anticorps anti-HLA circulants présentaient une diversité de spécificité plus large, étant dirigés contre de multiples épitopes HLA. Ces résultats suggèrent l'existence d'au moins deux types de réponse humorale vis-à-vis des alloantigènes HLA : l'une aboutissant à la production de lymphocytes B mémoire et de plasmocytes à la suite d'une réaction de centre germinatif T-dépendante, l'autre impliquant seulement des plasmocytes, possiblement issus de réponses extra-folliculaires. Les facteurs orientant vers l’un ou l’autre type de réponse sont encore mal définis mais pourraient impliquer la dose et la voie d'exposition aux alloantigènes.

Introduction: Kidney transplant recipients are at increased risk of malignancy due to chronic immunosuppression. Although rare (≈0.3%), bladder cancer in this population tends to be aggressive and may present with atypical symptoms. We report a case of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer in a patient with prior simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplantation, successfully managed by fully intracorporeal robot‐assisted radical cystoprostatectomy and urinary diversion. Presentation: A 46‐year‐old male with a history of a simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation presented with persistent storage lower urinary tract symptoms. Cystoscopy revealed a necrotic, atypical lesion with associated inflammatory changes. Preoperative CT urography showed thickening of the bladder dome, with peripheral enhancement and a calcified component. The patient underwent robot‐assisted radical cystoprostatectomy with intracorporeal ileal conduit involving the transplanted kidney. Clinical Discussion: This rare case highlights the importance of thorough urological evaluation in transplant recipients presenting with atypical urinary symptoms. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the feasibility and safety of fully intracorporeal robot‐assisted cystoprostatectomy with urinary diversion in a patient with a simultaneous pancreas–kidney transplant.

Background.: Efficacy and safety of belatacept have not been specifically reported for kidney transplantations from donors after circulatory death. Methods.: In this retrospective multicenter paired kidney study, we compared the outcome of kidney transplantations with a belatacept-based to a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based immunosuppression. We included all kidney transplant recipients from donors after uncontrolled or controlled circulatory death performed in our center between February 2015 and October 2020 and treated with belatacept (n = 31). The control group included the recipients of the contralateral kidney that were treated with CNI in 8 other centers (tacrolimus n = 29, cyclosporine n = 2). Results.: There was no difference in the rate of delayed graft function. A higher incidence of biopsy-proven rejections was noted in the belatacept group (24 versus 6 episodes). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was significantly higher in the belatacept group at 3-, 12-, and 36-mo posttransplant, but the slope of eGFR was similar in the 2 groups. During a mean follow-up of 4.1 y, 12 patients discontinued belatacept and 2 patients were switched from CNI to belatacept. For patients who remained on belatacept, eGFR mean value and slope were significantly higher during the whole follow-up. At 5 y, eGFR was 80.7 ± 18.5 with belatacept versus 56.3 ± 22.0 mL/min/1.73 m² with CNI (P = 0.003). No significant difference in graft and patient survival was observed. Conclusions.: The use of belatacept for kidney transplants from either uncontrolled or controlled donors after circulatory death resulted in a better medium-term renal function for patients remaining on belatacept despite similar rates of delayed graft function and higher rates of cellular rejection.

Background: IgG4-related kidney disease is a major manifestation of IgG4-related disease, a systemic fibroinflammatory disorder. However, the clinical and prognostic kidney-related factors in patients with IgG4-related kidney disease are insufficiently defined. Methods: We conducted an observational cohort study using data from 35 sites in two European countries. Clinical, biologic, imaging, and histopathologic data; treatment modalities; and outcomes were collected from medical records. Logistic regression was performed to identify the possible factors related to an eGFR ≤30 ml/min per 1.73 m² at the last follow-up. Cox proportional hazards model was performed to assess the factors associated with the risk of relapse. Results: We studied 101 adult patients with IgG4-related disease with a median follow-up of 24 (11–58) months. Of these, 87 (86%) patients were male, and the median age was 68 (57–76) years. Eighty-three (82%) patients had IgG4-related kidney disease confirmed by kidney biopsy, with all biopsies showing tubulointerstitial involvement and 16 showing glomerular lesions. Ninety (89%) patients were treated with corticosteroids, and 18 (18%) patients received rituximab as first-line therapy. At the last follow-up, the eGFR was below 30 ml/min per 1.73 m² in 32% of patients; 34 (34%) patients experienced a relapse, while 12 (13%) patients had died. By Cox survival analysis, the number of organs involved (hazard ratio [HR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.55) and low C3 and C4 concentrations (HR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.10 to 4.85) were independently associated with a higher risk of relapse, whereas first-line therapy with rituximab was protective (HR, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.78). At their last follow-up, 19 (19%) patients had an eGFR ≤30 ml/min per 1.73 m². Age (odd ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.20), peak serum creatinine (OR, 2.74; 95% CI, 1.71 to 5.47), and serum IgG4 level ≥5 g/L (OR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.23 to 19.40) were independently predictive for severe CKD. Conclusions: IgG4-related kidney disease predominantly affected middle-aged men and manifested as tubulointerstitial nephritis with potential glomerular involvement. Complement consumption and the number of organs involved were associated with a higher relapse rate, whereas first-line therapy with rituximab was associated with lower relapse rate. Patients with high serum IgG4 concentrations (≥5 g/L) had more severe kidney disease.

In recent years, solid organ transplantations, such as kidney or lung grafts, have been performed worldwide with an improvement of quality of life under immunosuppressive therapy and an increase in life expectancy, allowing young women to consider childbearing. In the current study, we conduct a retrospective study in two French centers for kidney and lung transplantations to evaluate the rate and outcomes of pregnancies, contraception and gynecological monitoring for women under 40 years old who underwent solid organ transplantation. Among 210 women, progestin was the most widely used contraceptive method. Of the 210 women, 24 (11.4%) conceived 33 pregnancies of which 25 (75.8%) were planned with an immunosuppressant therapy switch. Of the 33 pregnancies, 7 miscarried (21.2%) and 21 (63.7%) resulted in a live birth with a high rate of pre-eclampsia (50%). No graft rejections were observed during pregnancies. Among the deliveries, 19 were premature (90.5%, mostly due to induced delivery) and the C-section rate was high (52.4%). No particular pathology was identified among newborns. We conclude that pregnancies following solid organ transplantation are feasible, and while they are at an increased risk of pre-eclampsia and prematurity, they should still be permitted with close surveillance by a multidisciplinary care team.

Cryptococcosis is the third most common cause of invasive fungal infection in solid organ transplant recipients and cryptococcal meningitis (CM) its main clinical presentation. CM outcomes, as well as its clinical features and radiological characteristics, have not yet been considered on a large scale in the context of kidney transplantation (KT). We performed a nationwide retrospective study of adult patients diagnosed with cryptococcosis after KT between 2002 and 2020 across 30 clinical centers in France. We sought to describe overall and graft survival based on whether KT patients with cryptococcosis developed CM or not. Clinical indicators of CNS involvement and brain radiological characteristics were assessed. Eighty-eight cases of cryptococcosis were diagnosed during the study period, with 61 (69.3%) cases of CM. Mortality was high (32.8%) at 12 months (M12) but not significantly different whether or not patients presented with CM. Baseline hyponatremia and at least one neurological symptom were independently associated with CM (p < 0.001). Positive serum cryptococcal antigen at diagnosis was also significantly associated with CM (p < 0.001). On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), three patterns of brain injury were identified: parenchymal, meningeal, and vascular lesions. Although CM does not affect graft function directly, it entails a grim prognosis.

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic evolved in two consecutive waves over 2020 (for France: 1st wave from March 1 to July 31; and 2nd wave from August 1 to December 31). Improvements in the management of COVID-19 led to a reduction of mortality rates in hospitalized patients during the second wave. Whether this progress also benefited to kidney transplant recipients (KTR), a population particularly vulnerable to severe COVID-19, remained unclear. In France, 957 KTR were hospitalized for COVID-19 in 2020 and their data were prospectively collected in the French SOT COVID registry. The presentation, management, and outcomes of the 359 KTR diagnosed during the 1st wave were compared to those of the 598 of the 2nd wave. Baseline comorbidities were largely similar between KTR of the 2 waves. Maintenance immunosuppression was reduced in most patients but withdrawal of antimetabolite (73.7% vs 58.4%, p<0.001) or CNI (32.1% vs 16.6%, p<0.001) was less frequent during the 2nd wave. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin that were commonly used during the 1st wave (21.7% and 30.9%, respectively) were almost abandoned during the 2nd. In contrast, the use of high dose corticosteroids doubled (19.5% vs. 41.6%, p<0.001). Despite these changing trends in COVID-19 management, 60-day mortality was not statistically different between the 2 waves (25.3% vs. 23.9%; Log Rank, p=0.48). We conclude that changing of therapeutic trends during 2020 did not reduce COVID-19 related mortality in KTR. Our data indirectly support the importance of vaccination and monoclonal neutralizing anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to protect KTR from severe COVID-19.

Background: This national multicentre retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the long-term outcomes of dual kidney transplantation (DKT) and compare them with those obtained from single kidney transplantation (SKT). Methods: Our first analysis concerned all first transplants performed between May 2002 and December 2014, from marginal donors, defined as brain death donors older than 65 years, with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) lower than 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. The second analysis was restricted to transplants adequately allocated according to the French DKT program based on donor eGFR: DKT for eGFR between 30 and 60, SKT for eGFR between 60 and 90 mL/min/1.73 m2. Recipients younger than 65 years or with a panel-reactive antibody percentage ≥25% were excluded. Results: The first analysis included 461 DKT and 1131 SKT. DKT donors were significantly older (77.6 versus 74 years), had a more frequent history of hypertension and a lower eGFR (55.1 versus 63.6 mL/min/1.73 m2). While primary nonfunction and delayed graft function did not differ between SKT and DKT, 1-year eGFR was lower in SKT recipients (39 versus 49 mL/min/1.73 m2, P < 0.001). Graft survival was significantly better in DKT, even after adjustment for recipient and donor risk factors. Nevertheless, patient survival did not differ between these groups. The second analysis included 293 DKT and 687 SKT adequately allocated with donor eGFR and displayed similar results but with a smaller benefit in terms of graft survival. Conclusions: In a context of organ shortage, DKT is a good option for optimizing the use of kidneys from very expanded criteria donors.