Ziad Tarik Al-Dahan

Gel electrophoresis is an essential device in biology laboratories and life science centers for the analysis of macromolecules such as DNA, RNA, and protein. This separation technique mainly depends on using a set of electrode wires to generate an electric field within the gel medium. The most common failure is the electrode wire cut. This fault is due to corrosion or inadvertent cut of the thin platinum wire. Platinum wires are delicate, expensive, and not available in local markets. In this paper, orthodontic nickel-free stainless steel wire (diameter = 0.5 mm), is used as an alternative to the Platinum wire. The effectiveness of the orthodontic stainless steel wire was confirmed under high-level voltages (100, 150, and 250 Volts), and the data produced was reasonable, with good visualization of DNA fragments. However, the Anode wire experienced corrosion after about 11 hours, while the cathode is still effective. The study concluded that while not a long-term solution, nickel-free stainless steel orthodontic wire offers a simple, inexpensive (< $1) alternative to platinum electrodes for gel electrophoresis, especially for students and researchers conducting short-term experiments. However, using stainless steel with nickel is suggested to potentially enhance the lifespan of the electrodes due to nickel's contribution to corrosion resistance. Further research is recommended to explore its wider applications in molecular biology research and improve experimental procedures using this alternative electrode materiale.

Exhaled CO2 signal detection is demanding for being a weak signal with an absorption spectrum that is practically identical to that of H2O. Weak signals need a

Blood pH is an essential parameter to determine the patient's acid-base status during cardiopulmonary bypass. To date, continuous pH measurement is usually done by continuous blood sampling using an expensive disposable sensor. This paper shows the feasibility of measuring arterial pH from the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) using arterial blood gas analysis. Further, the effect of hyperglycemia on pH estimation is included to show the necessity of combining glucose monitoring with PaCO2 monitoring. 245 blood samples from patients who underwent cardiopulmonary bypass were used. Patients with renal failure were excluded from the study. In this study, three groups of samples were included, A: all blood samples, B: blood samples with glucose ≤ 200 mg/dL, and C: blood samples with glucose > 200 mg/dL. A linear approximation based on the least-squares criterion was used to derive the best-fit equation. Our results indicate that there is no significant difference among the models. Further, there is a significant association between arterial pH and PaCO2 with a p-value < 0.001 and RMSE of about 0.04. The present findings highlighted that arterial pH could be estimated from PaCO2. Additionally, hyperglycemia did not affect the hypothesis of the general relationship between pH and PaCO2.

This work presents a methodology for detection of QRS complexes which is an adaptation of Pan-Tompkins algorithm. This method includes band bass filtration, derivative, squaring, moving window integration, thresholding, false peak cancellation and detection the predominant peak of QRS complex. This method doing well in the presence of noise and simple ectopic beats but still affected by multifocal ectopic beats. The method was tested on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database and achieves accuracy 99.68%.

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