Betül Özer

Energy consumption is increasing due to population growth, rising prosperity, and the rapid advancement of technology. The predominant use of fossil fuels, which account for 81% of global energy consumption, has led to significant environmental problems, particularly climate change. Climate change has been a key global issue for the past two decades. The Paris Agreement, adopted at COP21 in 2015, marked the first global commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions post-2020. In 2019, the European Union (EU) launched the European Green Deal (EGD), aiming to limit global temperature rise to below 2°C and adapt to climate change. The EU's goal is to become the first climate-neutral continent by 2050, reshaping its policies across sectors like industry, energy, transportation, and agriculture. This study emphasizes the benefits of greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation, particularly focusing on the generation of bio-methane derived from livestock manure and agricultural residue in the Kırklareli province of Türkiye. This study also examines CH₄ emissions released by the livestock sector due to processes of enteric fermentation and manure management. According to the results obtained, bio-methane has a potential electricity generation capacity of 566 GWh year-1. CO₂ emissions from biogas energy production are calculated as 261492 tons CO₂eq year-1. Accordingly, the CO₂ emission mitigation capacity is determined to be between 310969 and 443799 tons CO₂eq year-1 based on the IPCC Guidelines' Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia values. This study also examines CH₄ emissions released by the livestock sector due to processes of enteric fermentation and manure management. Enteric fermentation and manure management -based CO₂eq emissions were calculated according to Tier 1 and Tier 2 approaches given in the IPCC Guidelines. This study aims to provide policymakers and relevant stakeholders with comprehensive information regarding the diversification of the energy mix. It emphasizes the benefits of GHG mitigation, particularly focusing on the generation of bio-methane derived from livestock manure and agricultural residues in the Kırklareli province of Türkiye.

Geothermal energy is one of the most important renewable energy sources which provides a massive contribution to the existing region. Low-enthalpy resources are convenient, especially for direct usage applications such as household and greenhouse heating and thermal tourism with today's technology. Direct usage applications have social and economic positive effects via supplying the primary demand of the local communities, such as heating and nourishment. Although geothermal energy is clean and renewable, that causes adverse environmental impacts during drilling or usage stages. Therefore, some criteria should be taken into consideration for the sustainable evaluation of the source. These criteria can be identified within the determined framework of sustainable development goals for each project. In this study, a newly discovered geothermal energy resource at Kırklareli- Asılbeyli Region is investigated for potential applications according to the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It is pointed out the precautions should be taken into consideration from the discovery phase until the end of life for sustainable use of the source.

Waste-to-energy approaches are becoming increasingly important around the world, and municipal solid waste (MSW) as a renewable and sustainable energy source is of great importance to be considered in preventing climate change. On the other hand, since uncontrolled MSW is a threat to the environment and human health, sustainable municipal solid waste management should be evaluated to reduce negative environmental impacts. In this study, various municipal solid waste management options having energy production were selected and analysed by using SimaPro 9.0.0.49 to determine the most environmentally friendly waste management system. One-ton MSW in Kırklareli/Turkey was chosen as the functional unit. Environmental impacts were calculated via the CLM-IA method; impact groups were abiotic depletion, abiotic depletion (fossil fuels), global warming, ozone layer depletion, human toxicity, freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecotoxicities, photochemical oxidation, acidification and eutrophication. The first results indicated that energy recovery reduces the environmental impacts and future waste management plant of Kırklareli (material separation for recycling, biomethanisation and landfilling) is the best option within the scope of the environment at present.

In this study, energy efficiency applications and corresponding energy saving results were evaluated in a Turkish fabric dyeing factory. The relationship between energy consumption and the production were evaluated by regression analysis. They were detailed with energy intensity index (EII), cumulative sum values (CUSUM), specific energy consumption (SEC), and radar chart. The energy efficiency efforts should be initiated from heat and electrical energy, which are the main energy types extensively used in the textile industry. Average energy consumption value of the last four years (2015–2018), which is 7134 TOE is reduced 49% including waste heat, flash steam and cooling water recovery, and insulation in dyeing machines, in the factory due to the implementation of the energy saving actions. Accordingly, a reduction of 25% SEC value is possible. Moreover, production planning has a significant impact on the total energy consumption in terms of full load capacity operation of the dyeing machines, which may cause 23% energy saving that is of great importance.

Solid waste originated problems are one of the major environmental problems in Turkey. The Ministry of Environment and Urban Planning in The Republic of Turkey foresees a solution with the Regional Solid Waste Disposal Facilities over the associations that will be formed by more than one municipality. In this context, Edirne Solid Waste Management Association (EDİKAB) was established in order to realize waste management at regional level. In this study, the application example of EDİKAB solid waste disposal plant is evaluated. The amount of waste to be collected for the years 2020 and 2045 in the region is calculated as 94,665 tons/year and 274,497 tons/ year, respectively. Solid wastes to be disposed of are classified as packing wastes to be recovered, organic wastes to be composted and wastes to be landfilled. Packaging waste will be collected separately, classified and baled in sorting plant. Landfill gas production is calculated 3.8 million m3/year and 15 million m3/year for 2020 and 2045, respectively. EDİKAB case study represents up to 90% of GHG emission reduction can be achievable in case of converting LFG into electricity, by producing 7288; 13384 and 28673 MWh cumulative electricity from 2016 to 2020, 2030 and 2045, respectively.

This study presents the results on the simulations of the scenarios based on the CO