Jeffery K. Hovis

This study compared the reading performance for Arabic text defined by chromatic and achromatic contrast to understand better how chromatic contrast affects reading of normally sighted individuals and to establish a baseline for determining whether patients have a selective red–green chromatic sensitivity loss. Reading performance for Arabic text was accessed by examining maximum reading speed (MRS), reading acuity (RA), critical print size (CPS), and the Reading Accessibility Index (ACC) using three near-point charts. The charts were the black-on-white Balsam Alabdulkader–Leat (BAL) chart, a red-on-green chart, and a gray-on-gray chart with a background luminance equal to the chromatic chart. The MRSs were significantly different (P = 0.03), with the red-on-green chart having a slightly higher value than the BAL chart. The ACC was lower for the BAL chart than the red-on-green and gray charts (P = 0.003). However, RA for the BAL chart was better, and the CPS was smaller relative to the red-on-green chart (P < 0.05) and gray chart (P < 0.001). Individuals with red–green color vision deficiencies had poorer RA and larger CPS on the red-on-green chart relative to the achromatic charts. Although the MRS and ACC of the chromatic chart were significantly higher, the difference was not clinically important. The result that the MRS was similar for all three charts confirmed earlier findings that MRS is similar if text contrast is sufficiently above threshold. The lower RA and corresponding larger CPS for the red-on-green and gray charts were due to their lower background luminance and lower contrast.

Research exploring the impact of a color vision deficiency (CVD) on using digital displays in gaming is limited. An online survey was administered to 241 gamers with a CVD (80.1% males) inquiring about their experiences playing digital-based games. Eighty-eight percent (88.0%) experienced at least a little difficulty in playing. The most problematic tasks were “matching colors,” “visibility of objects on a colored background,” and “identifying objects based on color.” The genres that were more frequently reported as being difficult to play were “military/paramilitary,” “action-adventure,” and “puzzles.” Most gamers reported using modifications on their displays with at least a little effectiveness.

The recommended and required wavelengths for Rayleigh equation anomaloscopes are many and varied and without a numerical evidence base. The requirements for spectral half-power bandwidth in the German standard DIN 6160 also have no known evidence base. This paper provides data to establish requirements. The constraint on the short-wavelength limit of green was assessed by plotting chromaticities for wavelengths around the Nagel anomaloscope green and spectral half-power bandwidths up to 60 nm and identifying the combinations that lie within the first half confusion zone from the spectral locus of the deuteranope, being more restrictive than the protanopic zone. The other wavelength limits were assessed by modeling the match point and matching range using the normal and anomalous photopigment data of J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 9, 1465 (1992)JOAOD6 0740-3232 10.1364/JOSAA.9.001465 . The proposed wavelength limits are expressed as chromaticity, equivalent wavelength, and spectral half-power bandwidth limits. The wavelength limits are less restrictive than in DIN 6160.

An interesting paper about the prevalence of visual impairment in Ethiopian welders. There are some relatively minor issues to consider. Somewhere in the paper, the authors need to address the issue of refractive error. While uncorrected refractive...

DIN 6160:2019 is a technical standard that sets requirements for Rayleigh equation anomaloscopes. Table 1 of the standard contains the limits for centroid wavelengths and spectral half power bandwidths (SHBW). The centroid limits are more restrictive than dominant wavelength recommendations. The SHBW limits have no known evi-dence base and are inconsistent between colors. The spectral characteristics of three commercial anomaloscopes brands were measured using a telespectroradiometer. Only the oculus instruments complied with DIN 6160 Table 1, but all the anomaloscopes complied with published recommendations. All complied with the DIN 6160 bandwidth requirements. This highlights the need to provide an evidence base for such requirements. (c) 2023 Optica Publishing Group

This work expands on our previous comparison of the Konan–Waggoner D15 (KW-D15) and Farnsworth D15 (F-D15). Sixty subjects with normal color vision and 68 subjects with a red–green color vision defect participated in the study. The KW-D15 had good agreement with the F-D15 for both pass/fail and classification across all failure criteria. The agreement was slightly better if subjects had to pass on 2/3 trials compared with just the first trial. The KW-D15 is an adequate substitute for the F-D15, with the caveat that the KW-D15 might be slightly easier to pass than the F-D15 for deutans.

Objective: To investigate if color limitations in eye and face protection standards are sufficient to avoid interfering significantly in color‐contingent clinical decisions. If not, to propose what requirement will ensure appropriate products.Methods: Yellow‐tinted eye protectors, blue‐blocking lenses and lightly tinted filters were assessed for compliance with eye and face protection standards and their effect on the color rendering.Results: Yellow‐tinted eye protectors and many tinted filters cause significant noncompliance with hospital lighting recommendations and standards; however general eye protection standards do not exclude these lenses. The standard for eye protection against intense light sources, in cosmetic and medical applications (ISO 12609‐1), does exclude lenses identified as affecting clinical color‐related decisions significantly.Conclusions: Any recommendation or standard for eye and face protection for persons making color‐ contingent clinical decisions must include the requirement of ISO 12909‐1. Persons making color‐contingent clinical decisions should be advised to use only untinted or neutral‐colored lenses.Clinical Significance: This research is intended to advise writers of standards and recommendations on eye and face protection for use where color‐contingent clinical decisions are made to ensure that the protector does not interfere with these decisions. It is also intended to advise on the selection of tints in their eye protection.

Introduction: The 3rd edition of the City University Colour Vision Test (CUT) was originally based on the Farnsworth‐Munsell D‐15 test (D15). The first part of the test is for detecting a defect, and the second part is used to diagnose the type and severity of the defect. This study evaluates the CUT 3rd edition relative to the Ishihara and the D15 colour vision tests. Methods: Fifty nine colour vision normal subjects and 60 subjects with a congenital red‐green colour vision defect were recruited. Subjects were tested with the Ishihara and CUT tests. Subjects who failed the Ishihara also performed the D15 test. Results: The agreement between the Ishihara and CUT screening plates was marginally higher when using the CUT failure criterion of >1 error compared with using >2 errors. If the diagnostic plates were included with the screening plates in determining the pass/fail outcomes, the agreement between the Ishihara and CUT was high, with a first‐order agreement coefficient (AC1) of 0.90. The AC1 coefficient agreement between the D15 and CUT diagnostic plates in terms of pass/fail was 0.81 when using the D15 failure criteria of >1 or >0 crossing. Conclusion: The level of agreement between the 3rd edition of the CUT and D15 was lower than the 2nd edition of the CUT. The primary reason for the lower agreement of the 3rd edition of the CUT was that it had a lower specificity relative to the D15 compared to the 2nd edition. Although the CUT predictive value for failing the D15 is over 90%, the predictive value for passing shows that 19%–25% of patients who pass the 3rd edition of the CUT test will fail the D15. The 3rd edition tends to misclassify protans as deutans or cannot classify the type of defect relative to the D15 and Ishihara.

Environmental influence is one of the attributing factors for health status. Chronic interaction with electronic display technology and lack of outdoor activities might lead to health issues. Given the concerns about the digital impact on lifestyle and health challenges, we aimed to investigate the daily activity inclination and health complaints among the Malaysian youth. A self-administered questionnaire covering lifestyle and health challenges was completed by 220 youths aged between 16 and 25. There were a total of 22 questions. Seven questions inspected the patterns of indoor and outdoor activities. Fifteen questions focused on the visual and musculoskeletal symptoms linked to both mental and physical health. The total time spent indoors (15.0 ± 5.4 hours/day) was significantly higher than that spent outdoors (2.5 ± 2.6 hours/day) (t = 39.01, ). Total time engrossed in sedentary activities (13.0 ± 4.5 hours/day) was significantly higher than that in nonsedentary activities (4.5 ± 3.8 hours/day) comprised of indoor sports and any outdoor engagements (t = 27.10, ). The total time spent on electronic related activities (9.5 ± 3.7 hours/day) was were higher than time spent on printed materials (3.4 ± 1.6 hours/day) (t = 26.01, ). The association of sedentary activities was positive in relation to tired eyes (χ² = 17.58, ), sensitivity to bright light (χ² = 12.10, ), and neck pain (χ² = 17.27, ) but negative in relation to lower back pain (χ² = 8.81, ). Our youth spent more time in building and engaged in sedentary activities, predominantly electronic usage. The health-related symptoms, both visual and musculoskeletal symptoms, displayed a positive association with a sedentary lifestyle and a negative association with in-building time.

Supplemental digital content is available in the text. SIGNIFICANCE: This research will help clinicians in advising their color‐vision–defective patients regarding their career options. PURPOSE: In Canadian railways, individuals with a color‐vision‐defect (CVD) may qualify for positions at shorter sighting distance from signal lights. The railway companies' medical units use the CN Lantern (CNLan) test, and there is little information available as to whether clinical color‐vision tests (CCVTs) can predict the CNLan results. This study determines the ability of some CCVTs to predict the CNLan performance to assist clinicians in advising their CVD patients regarding career options. METHODS: The CNLan viewing distance was varied between 4.6 and 0.57 m using a geometric progression. The CCVTs were the Hardy, Rand, and Rittler; Ishihara; ColorDx pseudoisochromatic plate (PIP); the Rabin Cone Contrast Test; Color Assessment and Diagnosis; Cambridge Color Vision Test; U.S. Air Force Operational Based Vision Assessment Cone Contrast Test; Farnsworth Munsell D15; and ColorDx D15. Fifty‐six normal‐color‐vision and 63 CVD subjects participated in this study. RESULTS: Failure of either the Farnsworth Munsell D15 or ColorDx D15 essentially guarantees failure on the CNLan at the 4.6‐m distance. The agreement values decreased as the viewing distance decreased. CONCLUSIONS: To counsel patients regarding a career as a locomotive engineer, clinicians should have either the Hardy, Rand, and Rittler or ColorDx PIP and a D15 test. For patients applying for a position in the yard, a mild‐to‐moderate classification CVD on HRR or ColorDx PIP indicates a high probability of passing CNLan.