Robert Chmura

Borrelia miyamotoi is an emerging human tick-borne pathogen that has been confirmed in multiple tick species, including Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus. In 2022–2024, 2263 ticks removed from human skin were collected for research, mainly of two species: I. ricinus (2123) and D. reticulatus (137). Detection of B. miyamotoi was performed by PCR, amplifying a fragment of the p66 and gplQ genes, confirmed by sequencing. In total, the pathogen prevalence in human-derived ticks was 3.0%. Among 63 positive I. ricinus (3.0%), B. miyamotoi was detected in females and nymphs with prevalence 3.5% and 2.9%, respectively. Four females of D. reticulatus were found to be infected with B. miyamotoi, and the infection rate was 2.9%. More than 65% of positive ticks were classified as semi-engorged. Among I. ricinus in which B. miyamotoi was detected, co-occurrence with Borreliella burgdorferi sensu lato was found in 15 cases (23.8%), with Borreliella afzelii being the most common species. Based on the obtained results, the prevalence of B. miyamotoi in tested ticks was considered low; however, studies on the occurrence of this pathogen in ticks should be continued.

This study investigates the structural evolution and projected trajectory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across the EU27 from 1990 to 2030, with a particular focus on their implications for the effectiveness of European climate policy. Drawing on official sectoral data and employing a multi-method framework combining time series modelling (ARIMA), machine learning (Random Forest), regime-switching analysis, and segmented linear regression, we assess past dynamics, detect structural shifts, and forecast future trends. Empirical findings, based on Markov-switching models and segmented regression analysis, indicate a statistically significant regime change around 2014, marking a transition to a new emissions pattern characterised by a deceleration in reduction rates. While the energy sector experienced the most significant decline, agriculture and industry have gained relative prominence, underscoring their growing strategic importance as targets for policy interventions. Hybrid ARIMA–ML forecasts indicate that, under current trajectories, the EU is unlikely to meet its 2030 Fit for 55 targets without adaptive and sector-specific interventions, with a projected shortfall of 12–15 percentage points relative to 1990 levels, excluding LULUCF. The results underscore critical weaknesses in the EU’s climate policy architecture and reveal a clear need for transformative recalibration. Without accelerated action and strengthened governance mechanisms, the post-2014 regime risks entrenching a plateau in emissions reductions, jeopardising long-term climate objectives.

The content of financial policy is always the choice of certain objectives to be achieved through the management of finances (including taxes), as well as the methods and means of achieving these objectives. The financial policy of households and economic agents has a microeconomic scale, as it affects the individual economic objectives of individual consumers (households) and enterprises. The state’s financial policy pursues defined objectives in three areas: stabilisation of the economy, allocation of production factors and redistribution of income. The implementation of the state financial policy in these three areas gives rise to the distinction between the three functions of state’s financial policy: stabilisation, allocation and redistribution. The article analyses the legal and economic determinants of the impact of taxpayers’ behaviour on the management of economic agents and household responses.

Introduction and Objecrtive: The problem of occupational biohazards is very important, especially in the field of agriculture and in human and veterinary medicine. The aim of the study was to determine the potential sources of infection in veterinary professionals with selected zoonotic agents,...