Bekzhassar Sidikhov

Theileria annulata causes tropical theileriosis in cattle and is endemic in Kazakhstan. Although molecular diagnostic methods for this pathogen exist, data on its molecular surveillance and genetic diversity in Kazakhstan remain limited. This study aimed to develop and experimentally validate a species-specific real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for the detection of Theileria annulata and to conduct molecular surveillance and phylogenetic analysis of circulating isolates. A total of 709 cattle blood samples from 10 regions of Kazakhstan were analysed. Species-specific primers and a probe were designed targeting the 18S rRNA gene, and diagnostic performance was evaluated against sequencing as the reference method. Theileria annulata infection was confirmed in 110 of 709 samples (15.51%), with positive samples identified in the Turkistan, West Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda, and Zhambyl regions. The developed assay showed high diagnostic sensitivity (99.09%), specificity (99.67%), and diagnostic efficiency (99.58%), with no cross-reactivity with Theileria orientalis, Theileria parva, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, or Anaplasma marginale. Phylogenetic analysis of partial 28S rRNA sequences confirmed the species identity of the detected isolates and demonstrated their close relationship with previously reported Kazakhstani and Chinese isolates. The developed qPCR assay is suitable for the molecular diagnosis and surveillance of bovine tropical theileriosis in Kazakhstan.

Canine dirofilariosis caused by Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens is a vector-borne zoonotic infection of considerable veterinary and public health importance. Despite reports of the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. in neighboring countries, data on the molecular prevalence, species composition, and genetic diversity of these parasites in dogs from Kazakhstan remain limited. In the present study, owned, shelter, and stray dogs, which serve as the principal reservoirs of infection, were examined for the presence of microfilariae in blood, and the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. was molecularly confirmed. The study was conducted between September 2024 and January 2026 and included 751 canine blood samples collected from 10 regions of Kazakhstan. Initial screening was performed using the modified Knott test. Molecular identification was carried out through amplification of the mitochondrial cox1 gene, followed by DNA sequencing and comparative analysis with reference sequences available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to assess the genetic relationships of the detected isolates. The overall molecular prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. was 3.6% (27/751). The highest infection rate was recorded in the Aktobe region (22.3%), while positive cases were also detected in the Akmola (2.7%), Kostanay (1.7%), and West Kazakhstan (1.8%) regions. Species identification revealed the predominance of D. repens, whereas D. immitis was detected only in Aktobe region. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the species identity of all obtained sequences and demonstrated a high degree of genetic similarity with Dirofilaria isolates previously reported from Europe and Asia. These findings confirm the circulation of Dirofilaria spp. among dogs in several regions of Kazakhstan and indicate the ongoing expansion of canine dirofilariosis in Central Asia. This study provides the first molecular genetic data on Dirofilaria spp. in dogs from Kazakhstan and highlights the need for continued epidemiological surveillance and assessment of potential risks to animal and human health.

The widespread use of antimicrobials in poultry production exerts selective pressure for the emergence of resistant bacteria, yet molecular data on resistance determinants in Escherichia coli from commercial farms in Central Asia remain scarce. This study aimed to characterize antimicrobial resistance genes and mobile genetic elements in E. coli isolates from a layer poultry farm in the West Kazakhstan region. A total of 100 samples (cloacal swabs, fresh feces, internal organs, and wild pigeons) were collected. E. coli was isolated using selective media and confirmed by qPCR targeting the uidA gene. Forty isolates were confirmed, of which ten (25%) carried at least one resistance gene as determined by a panel of 57 primer sets. All ten isolates carrying antimicrobial resistance-associated genes (100%) harbored determinants associated with multidrug resistance. The most frequently detected genes were blaTEM (80%), aadA17 (90%), and intI1-a-marko (80%). A high prevalence of qacEΔ1 (80%) was also observed. At least one class 1 integron-associated gene was detected in all resistant isolates and those carrying both integron variants harbored the highest numbers of resistance genes (14–19). Resistance gene profiles in pigeon isolates mirrored those from poultry, suggesting wild birds as potential vectors. The correlation between detected resistance genes and farm antimicrobial use (enrofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfonamide combinations) indicates strong selective pressure. These findings suggest that poultry farms may serve as environments supporting the persistence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance-associated genes in E. coli and underscore the need for enhanced biosecurity and antimicrobial stewardship within a One Health framework.

This study presents the results of research aimed at evaluating the impact of stress factors arising from weaning and transportation of beef cattle young stock intended for fattening. The research was conducted in 2023–2024 in two large farms in the West Kazakhstan region –“Amaner izi” and “Batys Bordakylaý”. The study involved 40 bull calves aged 6–7 months, selected using the principle of analogs. A comprehensive assessment was conducted to examine the effect of stress factors on clinical, physiological, morpho-biochemical, hormonal, and immunological parameters.It was established that the key indicators of the stress response during weaning and transportation include alterations in physiological parameters, disruption of ethological responses, reduced feed intake, decreased average daily weight gain, elevated cortisol levels, leukocytosis, and reduced immune indicators. On the first day after exposure to stress factors, the most pronounced deviations from physiological norms were recorded, indicating an acute stress response. By days 3–5, partial recovery of the parameters was observed, and by days 10–14, most values returned to baseline, indicating the stabilization of the organism's internal environment

В статье представлены результаты комплексной зоогигиенической оценки условий содержания и кормления кур мясного (бройлеры кросса Ross 308) и яичного (кросс Dekalb White) направления в хозяйствах Западно-Казахстанской области. Установлено, что оптимизация микроклимата (температура, влажность, газовый состав, скорость движения воздуха, освещённость), санитарно-ветеринарных мероприятий и рационального кормления обеспечивает высокие показатели сохранности, продуктивности и физиологического состояния птицы. Показано, что при соблюдении зоогигиенических нормативов у бройлеров наблюдается интенсивный рост и достижение живой массы 2,0–2,3 кг к 40 дню с убойным выходом до 72 %, а у кур-несушек – стабильная яйценоскость. Клинико-физиологические и гематологические исследования подтвердили положительное влияние благоприятных условий содержания на уровень обменных процессов, функциональное состояние кроветворной системы и иммунный статус птицы. Результаты свидетельствуют о том, что зоогигиенические параметры являются важнейшими факторами обеспечения эпизоотического благополучия, сохранения здоровья и раскрытия генетического потенциала продуктивности кур.

The article presents the results of studies on parasitic diseases in cattle in the West Kazakhstan region. The research identified a wide distribution of ecto-and endoparasites, including mange mites (Psoroptes bovis, Chorioptes bovis, Sarcoptes bovis), lice (Hematopinus euristernus, Linognathus vituli), ixodid ticks (Hyalomma spp., Dermacentor marginatus, etc.), as well as gastrointestinal and lung nematodes (Dictyocaulus viviparus, Haemonchus, Ostertagia, etc.). The main causes of high infestation rates were found to be the lack of systematic deworming, poor animal husbandry conditions, and decreased quality of veterinary services.For treatment and prevention, the domestic broad-spectrum antiparasitic drug Abamecur was used. The drug was administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1 ml per 50 kg of body weight, with two treatments given 10 days apart. As a result, a 100% efficacy was achieved against nematodiasis, psoroptic mange, hypodermatosis, wolfartiosis, and ixodidosis. Clinical signs of disease disappeared, and no relapses were observed during the housing period.The authors emphasize the importance of mandatory inclusion of antiparasitic measures in veterinary practice, especially during the autumn-spring seasons, to improve animal health, increase productivity, and optimize the sanitary-epizootic situation

The main problem today is that the excessive reproduction of stray dogs-cats and their settlement can significantly affect the environmental and sanitary and epidemiological situation in the city of Uralsk. A sharp underestimation of this fact leads to unexpected, and even more so-irreversible consequences. Based on the problems described above, as an urgent problem of our research work, abdominal operations on cats were carried out in order to avoid complications after closing median laparotomy incisions during abdominal operations and to select suture types and suture materials that ensure effective and short-term healing in order to create conditions for complete closure of sutures in the operated area in the period before The article describes the morphological indicators of the clinical and healing process of suture methods used in the study. Among the methods studied in comparative terms, the sutures of Reverden-Multanovsky and Holsted in the closure of laporatomic incisions showed high results in accordance with the research methods. Results of the clinical study during the observation period, no deviation of physiological indicators under normal conditions from the limits of normal norms was observed.

Castration is the most common type of surgical intervention performed in veterinary surgical practice. Although this activity is considered a widely used operative action, it is common for postoperative complications to occur due to the condition of the stallion's castration. There are often cases of postoperative edema after cutting Stallions both in the open method and in the closed method, which covers an interval of 25-30% in farm conditions. At the same time, when Castrated by the open method, total vaginal bleeding was 3.3%, and cases of non-penetration bleeding were up to 2.8%.And in the closed method, post-incision edema and cancer of the NMA were 29.6%. Taking into account the listed main reasons, the main task of the experimental study was to select a suitable option for the methods used in the operation when embroidering stallions and avoid complications after embroidering. The article discusses the methods of effective castration of stallions in farms in the conditions of the West Kazakhstan region using a Zand clamp. Practical research work was carried out in the farms" Kubley "and" Nurkhan". According to the results of the study, the level of surgical complications encountered after castration was chosen as an effective castration technique in terms of the reduction in the method used by Zand clamp and the duration of healing. Regardless of the age, breed, external characteristics of stallions, in the open castration method, castration with a Zand clamp is the safest method, since the probability of complications during its execution is significantly less than in the ligature castration method.

The increasing number of owned and stray dogs in large cities is becoming a pressing issue due to rising population densities, urban conditions, and poor control over animal reproduction. This situation poses serious epidemiological risks, as dogs can act as reservoirs and transmitters of infectious and parasitic diseases dangerous to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and carriage of infectious and parasitic diseases in stray dogs in the city of Uralsk as a factor of epidemiological risk. In 2024, 1213 stray dogs were captured from different city districts and examined at the veterinary clinic and laboratory of Zhangir Khan University. Biological samples (blood, urine, feces) from 10% of the animals were analyzed using molecular (PCR), serological (ELISA), and helminthological methods. Serological and molecular analyses revealed the widespread circulation of bacterial pathogens. Antibodies to additional bacterial agents, including Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Leptospira spp., were detected in the samples, indicating an unfavorable sanitary and epidemiological situation in the urban environment. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) identified antibodies against Toxocara canis in 50.9% of the dogs and against Echinococcus granulosus in 76.4%, reflecting both active and past infections. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results showed the presence of Brucella canis DNA in blood and urine samples, while antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected in 57.8% of the examined dogs, underscoring the significant zooanthroponotic importance of this pathogen and its potential threat to human health. Additionally, T. canis DNA was found in 39.2% of the samples and E. granulosus DNA in 16.6%. A helminthological examination using the Fülleborn method revealed a high rate of helminth infection: Ancylostoma caninum—35.3%, T. canis—32.3%, and Toxascaris leonina—29.4%. The obtained results highlight the significant role of stray dogs as epizootiological and epidemiological reservoirs of zooanthroponotic infections. This poses a serious threat to public health and necessitates the implementation of effective control and prevention measures for infectious and parasitic diseases within urban fauna.

The increasing number of owned and stray dogs in large cities is becoming a pressing issue due to rising population density, urban conditions, and poor control over animal reproduction. This situation poses serious epidemiological risks, as dogs can act as reservoirs and transmitters of infectious and parasitic diseases dangerous to humans. This study aimed to assess the role of stray dogs in spreading such diseases in Uralsk, Kazakhstan. In 2024, 1,213 stray dogs were captured from different city districts and examined at the veterinary clinic and laboratory of Zhangir Khan University. Biological samples (blood, urine, feces) from 10% of animals were analyzed using molecular genetics, serological, and helminthological methods. DNA of Brucella canis was found in blood and urine, and antibodies to Brucella spp. were detected in 57.8% of dogs. Antibodies to Pasteurella multocida, Mycobacterium spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Leptospira spp. were also found. Helminths were common, with Ancylostoma caninum (35.3%), Toxocara canis (32.3%), and Toxascaris leonina (29.4%). PCR confirmed T. canis in 39.2% and Echinococcus granulosus in 16.6%; antibodies were found in 50.9% and 76.4% of dogs, respectively. These findings highlight the public health threat and need for disease control in urban areas.