Xuping Shentu

Silicone food contact materials (FCMs) pose potential health risks due to the migration of siloxanes. This study presents a comprehensive migration profiling of 35 siloxanes (cyclic D3–D22 and linear L2–L14) from 30 silicone FCMs, with migration tests rigorously conducted under worst-case intended-use scenarios to ensure conservative and reliable exposure estimates. Methodological innovations include an expanded analytical scope, age-stratified exposure assessment across seven age groups, and a multi-tiered risk evaluation framework. The results reveal that migration behaviors were affected by simulant polarity, siloxane solubility, and silicone thermal stability. The risk evaluation framework integrates aggregate migration limits for total cyclic (D3–D13) and total cyclic plus linear siloxanes (D3–D13, L3–L13), complemented by individual siloxane assessment via Risk Quotient (RQ) and Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approaches. While the total migration of cyclic siloxanes exceeded the proposed action limit of 12 mg/kg for adults in several samples and 2 mg/kg for children in most samples, granular assessment revealed divergent risks: Cyclic D4 and D5 showed negligible risk (RQ < 5). In contrast, D3 migration posed a potential concern (RQ > 5), especially for individuals aged >13 years. Notably, the estimated exposures to 14 siloxanes with low molecular weight (90%, exceeded the TTC threshold across all age groups, highlighting unaddressed risks that are not captured by aggregate action limits. This work underscores the need for substance-specific, age-specific risk evaluations and regulatory updates for silicone FCMs.

Efficient and reproducible protein extraction is a critical prerequisite for high-quality proteomic and glycoproteomic analyses. In this study, four commonly used lysis buffers, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl), urea (UA), and mammalian protein extraction reagent (MPER), were systematically evaluated within an integrated proteomic and N-glycoproteomic workflow. Using HeLa and HEK293T cells as model systems, we assessed buffer performance in terms of protein and intact N-glycopeptide identification depth, quantitative reproducibility, subcellular coverage, and glycan type distribution. Across both cell lines, SDS consistently achieved the deepest proteome and N-glycoproteome coverage, yielding the highest numbers of identified proteins, N-glycopeptides, glycoproteins, and glycosylation sites. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that SDS provided superior reproducibility, with approximately 85% of quantified proteins exhibiting coefficients of variation below 5%. Subcellular localization analysis at the global proteome level showed that SDS enabled more comprehensive extraction of proteins from multiple cellular compartments, including the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and plasma membrane, indicating reduced extraction bias toward specific subcellular regions. Consistently, subcellular localization analysis of identified glycoproteins revealed enhanced coverage of membrane-associated compartments, particularly the plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosome. In addition, the analysis of glycan type classification for intact N-glycopeptides revealed that the SDS lysis buffer demonstrated the most comprehensive identification capability for glycopeptides with multiple glycosylation modifications in both cell lines. MPER and UA showed a highly consistent distribution across various glycosylation types, whereas the guanidine hydrochloride method was comparatively least effective. Overall, these results establish SDS as a robust lysis buffer for comprehensive, reproducible, and quantitatively stable proteomic and N-glycoproteomic analyses, providing practical guidance for buffer selection in quantitative glycosylation-focused studies.

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is a devastating disease that threatens global food security, causing annual yield losses of 10–30%. Consequently, novel control strategies beyond conventional fungicides are urgently needed. Tetramycin, a polyene macrolide antibiotic, is known for its broad-spectrum antifungal activity. However, the specific mechanisms underlying its efficacy against rice blast remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that tetramycin confers resistance through a dual mode of action. First, in vitro assays revealed that tetramycin directly inhibits M. oryzae mycelial growth. Second, and more critically, it functions as a potent immune elicitor in Oryza sativa. Transcriptome analysis coupled with physiological assays showed that tetramycin treatment triggers a rapid oxidative burst, characterized by significantly elevated activities of key defense enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). This oxidative response is further orchestrated through the simultaneous activation of the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathways, as evidenced by the distinct upregulation of their respective biosynthetic genes and hormone levels. Collectively, these findings indicate that tetramycin not only acts as a direct fungicide but also primes the rice innate immune system via a synergistic reactive oxygen species-JA-SA signaling network, offering a sustainable strategy for rice blast management.

Efficient delivery of exogenous genetic material remains a core challenge in plant biotechnology, holding profound implications for sustainable agricultural and forestry development. Although traditional delivery methods such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, gene gun bombardment, and electroporation have been widely applied in plant genetic engineering, these systems exhibit limitations including species-dependent efficacy, propensity to cause plant tissue damage, low transformation efficiency, susceptibility to environmental factors. In recent years, with the advancement of nanotechnology, nanoparticle-based nucleic acid delivery systems are emerging as novel tools for applications such as novel tools for dsRNA or transgene delivery. These systems leverage the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials, including size-dependent phenomena, tunable surface charge, and enhanced membrane penetration capabilities, to achieve targeted delivery and stable expression of genetic payloads. Nevertheless, nanomaterial-mediated gene delivery systems for plants are still in their nascent stages, and their widespread application faces numerous challenges. This article briefly introduces traditional delivery methods, systematically reviews the applications and progress of nanoparticle-based nucleic acid delivery systems, and discusses the cross-species applicability of nanoparticles, as well as the associated biosafety concerns. We aim to offer insights for tackling the prevailing technical bottlenecks and to provide guidance for the rational design of nanomaterials that efficiently traverse the plant cell wall–plasma membrane barrier and stably deliver nucleic acids without eliciting phytotoxicity.

Fatty acid desaturase (FAD) serves as a pivotal enzyme in the lipid synthesis pathway, regulating fatty acid unsaturation levels in insects through catalytic activity. While FAR, another crucial enzyme in the same pathway, has been demonstrated to influence the integument architecture of the brown planthopper (BPH), the functional role of FAD in this biological process remains insufficiently explored. In the present investigation, we systematically identified 10 NlFAD family genes through bioinformatics analysis and subsequently characterized their expression patterns using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR). Through integrated approaches combining RNA interference (RNAi), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and targeted fatty acid metabolomics, we elucidated the regulatory effects of NlFAD silencing on both integument ultrastructure and fatty acid biosynthesis in BPH. Key findings revealed that NlFAD3 knockdown induced: Silencing of NlFAD3 resulted in a significant increase in the mortality rate of BPH, the highest percentage of moulting deaths, the phenomenon of significant disruption of its integument structure, and a significant increase in the content of BPH stearic acid. This study provides a new research idea for the search of effective target genes to realize the effective control of BPH.

Insecticide resistance has become a critical issue threatening global agricultural production and food security. Previous studies have primarily focused on resistance mechanisms such as target-site mutations, enhanced metabolic detoxification, and reduced cuticular penetration. However, growing evidence in recent years indicates that odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs)—beyond their roles in chemoreception—also play key roles in the development of insecticide resistance. Research has revealed that these proteins significantly modulate insect susceptibility to insecticides through various mechanisms, including direct binding to insecticides, regulation of detoxification metabolic pathways, and influence on behavioral adaptations in pests. This review also systematically summarizes modern research strategies employed to investigate OBPs/CSPs functions, including high-throughput omics technologies, RNA interference, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, and molecular docking, while discussing the potential of targeting these proteins for developing novel insecticides and resistance management strategies. Although significant progress has been made in laboratory studies, the practical application of OBPs/CSPs-mediated resistance mechanisms still faces multiple challenges. Future research should prioritize multi-gene targeting strategies, cross-species functional validation, and field trial implementation to facilitate the development of green and precise pest control approaches based on OBPs and CSPs, thereby offering new pathways for sustainable agriculture.

Novel antifungal compounds effective against phytopathogenic fungiwere identified by evaluating an n-butanol extract obtained from the fermentation broth of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes strain No.1628. The extract exhibited had strong antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum, and Rhizoctonia solani, markedly reducing the spore germination rates of F. oxysporum and B. cinerea to 25.65% and 28.23%, respectively, at a concentration of 35 mg/L. In vivo efficacy assays further demonstated that the extract achieved disease control efficiencies of 53.42% and 55.68% against Rhizoctonia rot following irrigation at 10 mg/L for 14 and 21 days, respectively. Subsequent chemical investigation led to the isolation of five antifungal compounds from the n-butanol extract: the novel tetraene macrolide, which was structurally elucidated through spectroscopic analysis as (7E,12Z,13E,15E,17E,19E)-21- ((4-amino-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2 H-pyran-2-yl)oxy -)-12-ethylidene-1,5,6,25-tetrahydroxy-11-methyl-9-oxo-10,27-dioxabi-cyclo[21.3.1] -heptacosa-7,13,15,17,19-pentaene-24-carboxylic acid (compound 1), and four other already known antifungal agents, namely tetrin B (2), tetramycin A (3), toyocamycin (4) and anisomycin (5). Compound 1 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against the hyphal growth of R. solani, F. oxysporum, and B. cinerea, with IC50 values of 0.20, 1.28, and 1.53 µg/mL, respectively. These fundings underscore S. diastatochromogenes as a promising microbial source for the discovery of natural antifungal agents.